Cyr v. Dufour

Barrows, J. Is it a jurisdictional fact which must appear affirmatively in express terms upon the record that the county commissioners before ordering notice upon a petition for the location or alteration of a highway were satisfied that the petitioners were responsible persons? — 497 — Unless this was essential in order to give the commissioners jurisdiction, the validity of the alteration or change of location cannot be questioned collaterally here. Cyr v. Dufour, 62 Maine, 20. We think it was not thus essential. The language of the statute defining the power of county commissioners herein (R. S., c. 18, §§ 1 and 2), is this : “ Responsible persons may present, at their regular sessions, a written petition describing a way,” etc. “ Being satisfied, that the petitioners are responsible, and that an inquiry into the merits is expedient, they shall cause thirty days notice to be given,” etc. But the next section (§ 3) shows the whole aim and intent of the legislature in requiring that the petitioners should be responsible. It runs thus : “ When their decision is against the prayer of the petitioners, they shall order them to pay .... all expenses incurred on account of it; and if they are not then paid, they shall issue a warrant of distress against the petitioners therefor.” The direction to the commissioners touching the responsibility of the petitioners is for the protection of the county against needless costs where the location or alteration is not found to be of common convenience and necessity. But the rights of the land owner must yield to the common convenience and necessity, proper provision for compensation being made ; and to him it makes no difference when it is decided by the lawful tribunal before whom he has had an opportunity to be heard, that common convenience and necessity do require the use of his land, whether that adjudication is had upon the petition of those who represent large taxable property or none at all. There must be a written petition before the commissioners, presented at a regular session, and containing such a description of the way and such prayer respecting it, that all interested may understand by the notice what action is contemplated. When the commissioners order such notice and give all concerned an opportunity to be heard, it must be presupposed that they were satisfied as to the responsibility of the petitioners; and it is no more necessary to set that fact out upon the record than it is the other with which it is classed in § 2, that they were satis — 498 — fied that “an inquiry into the merits is expedient,” which is necessarily implied from their action in the premises. In any event, the provision is directory, not esse ntial to the acquirement of jurisdiction by the issuing of a notice; aud a failure to observe it would be detrimental only to the county in case the prayer of the petition was denied, and not to the land owner, where it is granted at the call of public convenience and necessity. We must still hold that the validity of the location over the plaintiff’s land cannot be questioned collaterally here. Cyr v. Dufour, 62 Maine, 20, 22, and cases there cited. But the plaintiff further insists that even if the location be held valid, Dufour had no authority as highway surveyor or by virtue of any vote of the town or employment by the selectmen to open the way over the new location, and that he was a trespasser in ' attempting to do it. He objects to the instruction given by the presiding judge in substance that, if Dufour was highway surveyor and the locus was in his district, he had lawful authority to go on and build the road where it was located, and if neither he nor any of his men went outside the four rods covered by the location, the verdict should be not guilty ; and to his refusal to instruct at the request of the plaintiff that, it is not the official duty of any highway surveyor chosen under the general statutes to open and make new roads but only to repair existing roads ; and that, unless the jury find that the town raised money to be expended in opening and making this new road, and that Dufour was appointed or in some way authorized by the town or its municipal officers to open and make it, he had no right to interfere with plaintiff’s land and has no justification for the trespass. The plaintiff’s position is taken and his requests are predicated upon supposed facts which are not precisely those of the case. The county commissioners’ record shows alterations in an existing road, not the location of a new road. We have no occasion to determine whether a highway surveyor by virtue of his office has power to open a piece of road newly located without a vote of the town authorizing him under B. S., c. 18, § 57, to contract for that purpose, or whether the land owner could maintain trespass against him if he undertook under such circumstances to do it. — 499 — The proposition, which, if maintained, would justify the instructions and refusals to instruct on this point in the present case, is that a highway surveyor, by' virtue of his official authority, may lawfully construct an alteration in an existing road in his district, without subjecting himself to an action of trespass by the land owner whose interests are affected by such alteration. We think he may. He is bound to expend all the money in his rate bill upon the ways in the district assigned to him, and to give notice of any deficiency thereof to the municipal officers of his town. If he fails in either particular, he is liable under K. S., c. 18, § 69, to pay such fine and costs as may be imposed upon his town under § 40, or may be himself indicted instead of the town. He is to exercise his own proper discretion as to what portion of the ways in his district requires the expenditure of,'money to make them safe and convenient, and how the money and labor shall be bestowed, and is responsible under his official oath for the faithful exercise of such discretion. By § 50, he is empowered to remove obstacles likely to obstruct a way or render its passage dangerous. “ lie may dig for stone, gravel or other material suitable for making or repairing ways in land not inclosed or planted, and remove the same on to the ways; and the town shall pay for the materials so taken, if not within the limits of the way.” His office is one of high responsibility to the public, to his town and to the individual proprietors whom his acts may affect. His duties are to be discharged upon the ways in his district. Was the locus a part of a way in .Dufour’s district? That it was within the district is admitted. The question narrows itself to this, was it part of a way which it was his business to look after and expend money upon ? The answer must be in the affirmative. When an alteration is made in an existing highway by lawful authority, it operates ipso facto as a discontinuance of so much of the old way as lies between the two points where the alteration begins and ends. Commonwealth v. Westborough, 3 Mass. 406, 408. Commonwealth v. Cambridge, 7 Mass. 158, 163, 164. The way described in the warrant to Dufour had been altered by proceedings before the county commissioners which, never — 500 — having been adjudged defective, must for the purposes of this suit be regarded as valid. The year allowed by law for the land owner to remove his property had expired, and that which was allowed by the commissioners for the completion of the altered portion of the road was lapsing. Whether Dufour could or could not be justified under these circumstances in expending the money in his rate bills upon that portion ol' the old road which was discontinued by the action of the commissioners, we think it was within his official discretion to lay out the town’s money in making the altered portion passable and convenient for the'public, who had acquired an easement in it by the proceedings of the commissioners, and that at all events he could not be treated as a trespasser by the land owner for so doing. It had become, by substitution, a part of the way assigned to him in his warrant. Our attention has been called to no decisions which would justify the plaintiff’s claim to treat a surveyor of highways as a trespasser for conforming to such an alteration. Various dicta and decisions look the other way. In Cool v. Crommet, 13 Maine, 250, the surveyor, who seems to have gone upon the plaintiff’s land for the purpose of making a road where the selectmen of Waterville had laid out a town way, justified by virtue of his office ; and the court, finding that the way was legally laid out, sustained the justification of the officer and his assistants. In State v. Kittery, 5 Maine, 251, 259, Mellen, C. J., remarks, referring to the act of 1821, which conferred powers upon the court of sessions substantially similar to those now exercised by our county commissioners: “ When a highway has been laid out and accepted it is thenceforward to be known as a public highway ; and any man may, if he should incline so to do, lawfully travel in it before it is opened and made.” In Howard v. Hutchinson, 10 Maine, 335, the defense failed because the road was not legally laid out, and the court held that “ the defendant as surveyor of highways had no legal authority to enter thereon for the purpose of constructing a town road, unless such road had been legally laid out by the selectmen and accepted by the town according to the provisions of the statute.” See also Baker v. Runnels, 12 Maine, 235, 238. — 501 — In Small v. Pennell, 31 Maine, 267, upon an offer to justify by proof from the records of the proprietors that the locus was part of a public rangeway or allowance road, the ruling was that “ unless the defendant was a surveyor of highways such proof would be no justification and the ruling was sustained. In Hunt v. Rich, 38 Maine, 195, this distinction made between surveyors of highways and private individuals not authorized by a vote of the town at a legal meeting, appears more distinctly. The court, alter alluding to the right of all to pass over a highway, remark: “ But it does not follow that such private individual could in his own discretion, reconstruct the highway, take down the fences which are within its limits, cut down trees and take away the earth on parts which travelers have not before used for passing and repassing. The statute has intrusted this duty to an officer to be legally chosen at a meeting of the town properly called and held, and to be under oath in the discharge of his duty.” Here seems to be a distinct recognition of the power of a highway surveyor by virtue of his official authority to do all that may be necessary to change the course of travel within the limits of a highway legally located. It would seem to follow that the surveyor would have the same power in cases where the course of the highway assigned to him has been changed by lawful authority, thus substituting the new course for that which previously existed. Our statutes defining the powers, duties and responsibilities of surveyors of highways were derived from and are essentially the same that existed in Massachusetts when this state was a part of that commonwealth. For further discussion of these topics see Craigie v. Mellen, 6 Mass. 7. Callender v. Marsh, 1 Pick. 418. The plaintiff places his chief reliance here on the case of Todd v. Rowley, 8 Allen, 51, 58. That the learned court there, upon a presentation under a different aspect from this, of the question as to the right of the surveyor to expend the town’s money upon a portion of the highway not before wrought, held a different doctrine from that hereinbefore suggested, is undeniable. But it does not follow that they would regard the officer of the town as a trespasser upon the land owner whose property had — 502 — been lawfully subjected to an easement in favor Of the public for doing upon such property only those acts which were necessary to the proper enjoyment of the easement which the public had acquired. Thus much protection we think his official character would give him, even if, without special authority from the town or its general agents, his expenditures-should not be allowed by or recoverable against the town. The question here is not whether, if Dufour had expended all the money in his rate bills in making the road over Cyr’s land passable, he could recover against the town for an injury received by reason of a defect existing elsewhere in his district, nor whether he could recover for labor, but whether he invaded any rights that Gyr had in the land after it had been subjected to the alteration in the highway made by the commissioners. The plaintiff’s position is that the lack of proof that the town raised and appropriated money specially to cover the expense of making the alteration ordered by the commissioners, or that the surveyor was specially directed by the selectmen to expend his money on that part of the highway in his district, deprives that officer of the justification which he claims. We cannot so view the law touching the duties and responsibilities of the highway surveyor. The plaintiff further complains that, the presiding judge committed an error prejudicial to him in instructing that, where the record says “ Beginning on said county road, at a point six rods south of Joseph Lizott’s south line,” it meant the center of said road, and of the further instruction, which was a necessary sequence of this, that, “ if all the plowing and all the acts done upon Cyr’s land by Dufour and his men were within the four rods as delineated on the plan by the black lines, and nothing was done outside of those four rods, and if Dufour had authority to go there as an officer of the town, they were not guilty of trespass.” The plan was made by the surveyor appointed by the court in this case, and the black lines spoken of represented the location of the road, taking for a starting point the center of the county road and following the courses and distances given in the commissioners’ record. The elaborate argument of plaintiff’s503 counsel fails to satisfy us that there was error in the construction which the presiding judge gave to the record of the location touching the place of beginning, or that the instruction that the true location was represented by the black lines upon the plan took any question of boundary from the jury upon which it was competent for them to pass. Where nothing indicating a different intention appears, and the point of beginning is on a highway a certain distance from a known and fixed line, we think the point intended is the center of the highway. This is in conformity with the law as held in respect to the construction of deeds, legislative acts establishing boundaries, and in other analogous cases. Bradford v. Cressey, 45 Maine, 9. Boston v. Richardson, 13 Allen, 146, 154, 155. Perkins v. Oxford, 66 Maine, 545, 550, and cases there cited. The presiding judge carefully called the attention of the jury to the testimony bearing upon the question as to “where upon the face of the earth the real location is,” and especially to the necessity there was for them to ascertain where the location was across the plaintiff’s land, and gave full and elaborate instructions as to the effect of the defendant’s going outside of the four rod strip, or placing any rocks, stumps or logs removed from the road bed outside the location. His instructions as to the record and plan covered only their legal construction, or what was mathematically deducible from it, and left all the controverted questions of fact, depending on evidence, fully to the jury. Little more remains to be considered. The motion to set aside the verdict as against evidence cannot be sustained for want of a full report of all the evidence in the case. It is not competent for the losing party to base a motion of this sort upon selected portions of his opponent’s evidence, which for aught we know, may have been effectually controlled or explained by the testimony not reported. The only exceptions to the admission or exclusion of evidence relied on in argument are to the refusal of ‘the judge to permit plaintiff, on cross-examination of the surveyor appointed by the court, to ask the following questions : “ Beginning on the county road south of Joseph Lizott’s south line; is that a definite — 504 — fixed place on the face of the earth as described in the record to guide you to begin ? ” “ If the beginning is not as definite as the ending place, what is the practice among surveyors in order to ascertain where the true line is ? ” The first question does not state the record correctly; but if it did, the construction of the record was a question of law for the court; and its true construction was given by the judge, as we have before seen. The next question was immaterial, because the center of the road a certain distance south of a known and undisputed line (J. LizottJs line) was as definite a “ beginning place ” as “ the center of the county road at a point six rods north of S. Cyr’s north line,” which was the “ending place ” of the alteration. Now the truth seems to be that the plaintiff mistook his remedy. His real grievance was that the commissioners did not allow him the fifty dollars which he claimed as his proper damages on account of the alteration. If, instead of resisting the law, attempting to drive off the surveyor and his men, and then suing that officer in this action, he had conformed to the law, and called for a jury to estimate his damages, he could have had all his rights amply protected. Motion and exceptions overruled. Appleton, C. J., Walton, Yirgin and Peters, JJ., concurred.