Decrow v. Moody

Barrows, J. The plaintiff who is still a minor, brings this action by his guardian, to recover certain legacies to which he says he is entitled, under the will of his grandfather, William Moody. James Moody, the defendant, qualified as executor of' the will in January, 1877 ; and from the admitted facts, it would seem that there was property enough to meet all the calls of the will, though the executor has never settled his account in probate court. We think the testimony establishes a demand made in the winter of 1879-80, by the plaintiff’s guardian, for payment of all the legacies which he claims to recover, and defendant’s refusal to pay the same or any part thereof. The will gave to the plaintiff and four other grandsons of- the testator, five dollars each, to be paid them as soon as practicable after the testator’s decease; and to the plaintiff, who had lived with his grandfather from early childhood, "a further sum of one-hundred dollars, and a suit of clothes, if he remains with me until he is twenty-one years of age, to be given him by my said, son, James Moody.” The will was made in 1876, when the tes102 tator was eighty-three years old, and plaintiff was at that time about foux*teen years old. As long as his grandfather lived he continued to live with him, axxd renxained with his grandmother some months afterwards, axxd till after the defendaxxt took charge of the place. He says he left because the defendaxxt said he had no further use for him. Defendaxxt says he left because the grandinother said she had no further use for him. Both statement's may be true. At all evexxts, xxo fault was found with his conduct there, xxor xvith his leavixxg when he did to hire out. The plaixxtiff has done nothing to forfeit the bequests, if the laxxguage of the will is such as to eixtitle him to receive them. The defendant denies his liability in this action to pay either of the legacies. The first, (of $5) he says he has paid, and he produces the receipt of an attorney employed by the minor’s father with other proof establishing the fact of a payxxxexxt so madé. This will not x’elieve him here. The father was never the legally appoixxted guardiaix, axxd as xxext friend and natural guardiaxx had no authority to receive or coxxtx’ol the disposition of a legacy to the plaintiff who does xxot appear to have had the benefit of the payment. But the principal question is as to the plaintiff’s right to recover for the one hundred dollars axxd the suit of clothes. As to these, defendant’s positioxxs are that they are by the terms of the bequest payable only upon the performaxxce of a condition precedent which has ixot beexx fulfilled; or if this be not so that they cannot be regarded as payable until the legatee has arrived at the age of twexxty-oxxe years, and hence this suit is premature. It is well settled that xxo form of words xvill constitute a coxxdition precedexxt to the vestixxg of a legacy or devise when it appears from the whole will, read by the light in which the testator wrote it, that such could xxot have been the testator’s intention. Stark v. Smiley, 25 Maine, 201; see also, Hotham v. East India Co. 1 T. R. 645; Robinson v. Conyers, Cases T. Talbot, 164, 166. It is simply unreasoixable to suppose that this aged testator, with whom this grandsoxx had lived from the time he was two years old, ixxtended to make this legacy depend upon the contixxgency of his own survival to the age of ninety. Doubtless he [103] wished the boy to remain with him until he was twenty-one if he himself lived so long. Beyond that he must surely have been indifferent. The further performance of the condition having become impossible by the act of God, we act in conformity both with the law and the evident intention of the testator in declaring that thereupon the plaintiff’s right to the legacy became absolute. In Thomas v. Howell, 1 Salk. 170, a testator devised to his daughter on condition that she should marry his nephew on or before reaching the age of twenty-one years. The nephew died at the age of twelve, and after his death, but before she became twenty-one years old the devisee married another person. But the court held that the performance of the condition having become impossible by the act of God the condition was not broken and the estate of the devisee became absolute. The case is a marked illustration of the unwillingness of the court to construe any condition imposed by the testator as a condition precedent where the performance of it is liable to be made impossible by the act of God, or inevitable accident, without fault on the part of the legatee or devisee, if at the same time it appears that the testator designed to make the gift depend upon the option of the beneficiary to be exercised under the circumstances existing when the will was made, and not upon events over which he had no control. The principle upon which Thomas v. Howell was decided is recognized in Aislabi v. Rice, 3 Madd, 137 ; S. C. 8 Taunton, 459; (4 E. C. L. R. 166-171,) and in Burchett v. Woodward, Turn, and Russ. 442; Merrill v. Emery, 10 Pick, 507 ; Finlay v. King's Lessee, 3 Pet. 346 ; McLachlan v. McLachlan, 9 Paige, 534; Hughes v. Edwards, 9 Wheat. 489 ; 2 Story Eq. Jur. § 1304. We do not see that it is necessary now to consider the distinction which has been recognized between devises of real estate and bequests of personalty, as to the effect of conditions precedent, which are impossible in the outset or become so by the act of God. It is quite true that so far as form is concerned it would not be easy to find a condition which would more nearly answer to a condition precedent, according to the rules laid down in [104] Swinburne and the old decisions for distinguishing a condition precedent from a condition subsequent. But with the doctrine once thoroughly established, as it now is, that no form of words will make a condition precedent, when placing ourselves in the situation of the testator, we can see clearly that such could not have been his intention, the question resolves itself at once into the inquiry whether the testator designed that the provision should take effect if the consent and endeavor of the beneficiary were not wanting and its failure was not attributable to him, or whether the occurrence of the event or the performance of the act was, in the mind of the testator, the essential thing', without which (however the failure might occur) the testator did not intend to have the provision stand. We think it clear that the testator intended that this provision for the grandson over whom he had so long had a paternal care should depend upon the acts of the boy himself and not upon the contingency of his own life being protracted until the condition could be fully performed. Nor do we think that the position that the legacy is not in any event payable until the beneficiary reaches the age of twenty-one years is tenable. No time for its payment is fixed. If valid at all it became payable as other legacies not made payable upon any specified time do; in a reasonable time after the death of the testator and the probate of the will. There is nothing' to suggest that it should not have been paid at the end of a year from the time the executor assumed the trust, except that the minor had no guardian. If the executor had settled his. account as he should have done at the end of the year, and exhibited his readiness to pay the legacy as soon as he could have a legal discharge therefor, it might have been a question whether he ought to be liable for interest before lawful demand made. But he did no such thing. Judgment for plaintiff for §125, and interest from January 31, 1878. Appleton, C. J., Virgin, Peters, Libbey and Symonds, JJ., concurred.