Powers v. Mitchell

Appleton, C. J. This action was pending on the docket of the Supreme Judicial Court for Kennebec county. On March 28, 1882, being the thirteenth day of the term, the plaintiff filed a motion for the transfer of the action to the docket of another county, in which he alleged good and sufficient reasons therefor. The parties were heard on the motion. On the next day this entry, under the action, was made, •" motion continued nisi,” and the court adjourned finally and the term was closed. Nine days after the adjournment, and in vacation, an order was received from the justice before whom the motion for the transfer had been heard, that an entry be made under the action, that the same be transferred to the docket of the Supreme Judicial Court, for the county of Cumberland, for trial, Thereupon such entry was duly made at that date, as of the preceding March term. The above facts appear of record in the papei’s filed, and the question presented for adjudication is, whether this suit has been transferred in accordance with the provisions of the statute of 1872, chapter 45, which confers upon a judge holding a nisi prius term, the power to order the transfer of an action from the [369] ‘docket of the county in which it is pending to that of another ■county for trial. The statute on the subject, to which reference has been had, is In these words : "That it shall be the duty of any judge of the Supreme Judicial Court for this state, while holding any nisi prius term of said court for the trial of civil or criminal causes, to_order for good and sufficient reasons shown, on motion of either party, the transfer of any civil action, or criminal case now pending or hereafter to be brought in said court to the docket ■of said court in any other county in this state, for trial.” The action having been made originally returnable to the Supreme Judicial Court, at a term holden in Kennebec county, this court sitting in Cumberland county could have no jurisdiction 'over the same, except by virtue of a transfer in accordance with the above statute. The entry on the docket, ordering the transfer, is made, in fact, in vacation. But the power to order a transfer, is conferred only on a justice of this court, " while holding any nisi prius term of said court for the trial of civil or criminal causes.” It is not given to a judge in vacation. It is not given to a judge * while” not holding a nisi prius term. Here the record shows that the order was made, and the entry on the docket likewise, in vacation. Consequently, the action has not been transferred in accordance with the requirements of the statute. The power to transfer an action from the docket of one county to that of another, has but recently been conferred on the justices ■of this court. It can only be done by a justice while holding a nisi prius term. It is not given in vacation. Now, if a continuance nisi is a continuance, as the plaintiff’s counsel claims it to be, then this action was continued. If continued, the order Avas in Vacation. But the statute confers no such authority on a judge in vacation, but necessarily and clearly negatives it. The commencement of a term is fixed by statute, and its termination by its final adjournment. All judgments, decrees, and orders must be entered in term time. The judge cannot order an entry to be made in vacation. If a cause is continued, [370] he can neither order nonsuit nor default. It matters not whether the order relates to a nonsuit, default or removal, Ms power over the case is alike terminated. "It is a rule well established,” observes Miller, J., in Bronson v. Schulten, 104 U. S. 410, "that after term time has ended, all final judgments and decrees of the court pass beyond its control, unless steps be taken during that term, by motion or otherwise, to set aside, modify or correct them.” If the power to modify or correct a decree or order has ceased, much more must it follow that there is no power to enter a decree or make an order. The acceptance of a report of road commissioners is a judicial act, which can only be done in term. In Pillsbury v. Springfield, 16 N. H. 565, the parties relied upon an order of the judge out of term, as authority for the clerk to enter up judgment. "But it has been sufficiently shown,” concludes Wood, J., in delivering his opinion, "that a judgment or decree of the court of common pleas, accepting a report of the road commissioners, is not of that nature. It is a strictly judicial act. A motion for the purpose is open to contestation, and the sureties have a right to be heard. It is, therefore, an act that can be done only by the court; and there is no court of common law with judicial power except in term.” It was decided in Ferges v. Wesler, 35 Ind. 53, that "when a law authorizes or contemplates the doing of an act by the court, it is and must be understood, that the court in term time may and must doit, and the judge in vacation cannot, unless the power is expressly conferred upon him by law.” In Newman v. Hammond, 46 Ind. 119, a receiver was appointed and his bond approved in vacation. " There is no law in the state authorizing the judge to appoint a receiver or the clerk to approve his bond in vacation, hence the appointment was void and the receiver has no legal right to maintain the suit.” The order of removal is a judicial act, and not having been made in term, is not within the statute by which alone authority is given. Nor does the continuance nisi change the result. The action is none the less continued. "Nisi prius, the com mission to justices of assize; so called from a judicial writ of distringas, whereby [371] the sheriff is commanded to distrain the empannelled jury to-appear at Westminster before the justices at a certain day in the-following term, to try some cause. JSTisi prius justic domim regis ad assissas capiend venerint, viz. unless the justices come”' before that day to such aplace, &c. 2Ins. 424; 4Ins. 159; Jac. Die. The continuance of a cause nisi is no part of the-common law. With us, it is only applicable to cases pending om the law docket, and is'authorized by stat. 1821, c. 54, § 8, which, with various modifications has remained in force to the present time. But the authority to continue was by the express terms; applied to cases, " continued nisi for advisement by the court.,, or for argument by consent of parties,” and after the justices shall have determined the same, provision is made for entering-judgment. But this gave no general authority to continue cases-nisi. Indeed if that could be done, the right to except might at any time be foreclosed. But supposing thei’.e is this authority to continue any and all1 cases nisi, what is the legal interpretation of the entry "continued nisi,” as claimed by the learned counsel for the plaintiff? It is; this : " motion continued to the next October term of this court, for this county, ' unless ’ before that term the case shall, during' vacation, be transferred by the justice holding the present March, term, for said county, as of said term, on said motion to the docket of this court, for the county of Cumberland.” The transfer is to be made, by the very construction of the order as understood by the plaintiff’s counsel during vacation. Now if' anything is certain it is that a transfer made by a judge during vacation, is not and cannot be one made by a judge " while holding a nisi prius term,” unless one is prepared to say that "during vacation,” and "while holding a nisi prius term,” mean-one and the same thing. If not, then, the removal was unauthorized, and against the plain meaning of the statute. In Howe’s Practice, 399, reference is made to cases continued for advisement. The case referred to is. Perry v. Wilson, 7 Mass. 393, which was a question of law. But cases continued for advisement are not cases continued nisi. They are continuances. However, whether a case is continued or con [372] tinued' nisi, it is a continuance, and any judgment or decree, or order by a judge in vacation, is not a judicial act, done by him "while holding a nisi prius term. The question of abatement does not arise. The suit has been ■pending for years, the general issue has been pleaded and' there 'have been three trials. It had long ceased to be an action to which a plea in abatement could be filed. The motion was not a dilatoiy one. It was a motion negativing the entire jurisdiction of the court in the then condition of the record. The court has only such jurisdiction as is conferred •either expressly or by necessary implication. Where the court iliave not jurisdiction it cannot be conferred by consent or the •agreement of parties. State v. Bonney, 34 Maine, 223. A .judgment rendered by a court not having jurisdiction is void. Lovejoy v. Albee, 33 Maine, 414. When it appears to the • court, that they have no jurisdiction of the case before them, they will not proceed in the suit but will stay all further proceedings, though the .objection is not taken by plea to the jurisdiction. Lawrence v. Smith, 5 Mass. 362. The objection to want of jurisdiction may be taken advantage of at any stage of the proceedings. Eddy’s case, 6 Cush. 28; Eaton v. Framingham, 6 Cush. 245; Riley v. Lowell, 117 Mass. 76; Custy v. Lowell, 117 Mass. 78; Bearce v. Bowker, 115 Mass. 129. If it was necessary to file the motion to dismiss within the time •allowed for dilatory pleas by the rules of the court, the case •shows that it was seasonably filed: Exceptions sustained. Gase remanded to the docJcet of the Supreme Judicial Court for Kennébec county. Barrows, Daneorth, Peters, Libbey and Symonds, JJ., ■concurred.