Gilmore v. Bradford

Walton, J. Tbe plaintiff’s mill, containing circular saws and other machinery, was burned September 18, 1887. Her son, Augustus R. Gilmore, testifies tbat, three days before tbe fire, be negotiated and completed an oral contract of insurance on the mill in tbe Phoenix Insurance Company, through tbe defendant as its agent. The defendant denies tbe making of such a contract, [549] and says further that if he did, such a contract will not support an action against him. The plaintiff replies that if the defendant undertook to insure for the Phoenix Company, and had no authority to do so, he would for that reason be liable under proof of other essential requisites. The defendant, still protesting that he did not undertake to insure for the Phoenix Company, contends that if he did, and if for want of authority the company was not bound, still, this action, which is an action of assumpsit, can not be maintained against him; that the only remedy against him would be an action on the case for deceit. The defendant is undoubtedly right. It is settled in this state and Massachusetts, by a series of decisions commencing as far back as 1814, that the only remedy against one who undertakes to act as agent without authority, or in excess of his authority, is an action on the case for deceit. Noyes v. Loring, 55 Maine, 408. Affirmed in Teele v. Otis, 66 Maine, 329; Abbey v. Chase, 6 Cush. 54; Jefts v. York, 10 Cush. 392; Ballou v. Talbot, 16 Mass. 461; Long v. Colburn, 11 Mass. 97. “When one who. has no authority to act as another’s agent, assumes so to act, and makes either a deed or a simple contract, in the name of the other, he is not personally liable on the covenants in the deed, or on the promise in the simple contract, unless it contains apt words to bind him personally. The only remedy against him, in this commonwealth, is an action on the case for falsely assuming authority to act as agent.” Per Metcalf, J., 6 Cush. 54. “If one falsely represents that he has an authority, by which another, relying on the representation, is misled, he is liable; and by acting as agent for another, when he is not, though he thinks he is, he tacitly and impliedly represents himself authorized without knowing the fact to be true, it is in the nature of a false warranty, and he is liable. But in both cases, his liability is founded on the ground of deceit, and the remedy is by action of tort.” Per Shaw, C. J., 10 Cush. 395. “The remedy against one who fraudulently represents himself as the agent of another, and in that capacity midertakes to make a contract binding upon his principal, is an action on the case for [550] deceit, and not an action of assumpsit upon the contract. The gist of the action in such cases is not a failure to keep and perform a promise, but a false representation. * * * The contract is necessarily void. It is not the contract of the principal, for the pretended agent had no power to bind him. It is not the contract of the agent, for in making it he did not attempt to bind himself. How then can such a contract be the basis of a suit ? Very clearly it cannot.” 55 Maine, 411. In this case, the exceptions show that at the close of the judge’s charge, at the special request of the plaintiff’s attorney, the court instructed the jury, “that if the defendant undertook to insure for the Phoenix Company, and had no authority to do so, he would for that reason be liable, under proof of other essential requisites.” This was clearly erroneous. In an action on the case for deceit, such an instruction might be proper. In this action, it was clearly improper. The exceptions, therefore, must be sustained. We will now consider the motion. In Kidder v. Flagg, 28 Maine, 477, the court held that, where a declaration is on a special contract, the contract must be proved as set forth, or the plaintiff can not recover; that if the evidence, in reference to the contract, and the supposed breach thereof, is altogether variant from what is set out in the declaration, a verdict for the plaintiff, not being warranted by the evidence, must, on motion, be set aside and a new trial granted. In this case, the declaration contains three counts, each purporting to be upon a special contract, and the evidence supports no one of them. The first count alleges that the defendant promised to insure the plaintiff’s mill in the Phoenix Insurance Company, but did not do so. The evidence of the plaintiff’s son (and he is the only witness to the alleged contract) is, not of an executory contract, leaving something to be performed in the future, but of an' executed contract, a contract completed, leaving nothing further to be done to complete the insurance, and furnish the plaintiff with a remedy against the Phoenix Company, in case of loss ; for it is well settled that an oral contract of insurance, made with an agent, is binding on the company (Walker v. Ins. Co., 56 Maine, 371), even if the agent in making it dis [551] obeyed his instructions (Packard v. Fire Ins. Co., 77 Maine, 144). The same objections exist with respect to the second and third counts, — namely, that the plaintiff does not offer a scintilla of evidence of the making of such contracts as are therein set forth. The only contract, of which the defendant offers any evidence, is the one already described ; and that is a contract with the insurance conqmiy, made by its agent, and can not be made to support an action of assumpsit against the defendant. If the agent lacked authority to bind the company, still, it is not his contract; and the only remedy against him is an action on the case for deceit. At our consultation, immediately after the argument of this cause, wo were unanimously of the opinion that the verdict was clearly wrong. But as the case was one of considerable importance, and involved important questions of law, it was deemed advisable not to announce the decision then, but to take time and give the case a more careful examination. We have done so, and our convictions, that the verdict must be regarded as clearly and most manifestly against the weight of evidence, have been confirmed. On such a question it is never profitable to review the evidence in detail, and we shall refrain from doing so in this case. It is sufficient to say that, after a most careful examination of the evidence, such is the conclusion to which the court has arrived. Motion and exceptions sustained. Peters, C. J., Virgin, Emery, Foster and Haskell, JJ., concurred.