Achorn v. Jackson

Whiteiiouse, J. The plaintiff brings this action in the nature of waste against the defendant as executor of the will of his grandfather, John Orff, to recover for wood and timber cut by the testator on land alleged to have been occupied by him as a life tenant. John Orff being seized in fee of the premises, conveyed to the plaintiff by deed of warranty a tract of land situated in Waldoboro, with this clause of reservation, viz: "Reserving thirty acres of said land on the Medomak river during my natural life, with all the privileges and appurtenances thereof to the said John Orff.” The plaintiff claims that the effect of this clause was to create a life estate in favor of Orff with a vested remainder to himself, in the thirty acres reserved. The defendant contends, that as to the thirty acres thus reserved, the effect of the deed was not to create any present estate in the plaintiff but only an estate to commence in futuro ; that Orff remained the owner in fee during his life-time and hence had the right to cut wood and timber on the premises at his pleasure. • The presiding justice instructed the jury upon this point as follows : "I rule for the purposes of this case that the instrument [217] constituted the grandfather a tenant for life, and the grandson (the plaintiff) the remainder man. One had the interest of a life tenant and the other of a remainder man, the estate coming to him at the death of his grandfather, the grantor, and the same results follow as usually follow from that position of the parties under our law.” This was undoubtedly correct. It is in harmony with the established doctrine touching this branch of the law of real property, and in strict accordance with the special application of it to similar cases in this State. "A remainder,” says Kent, Chancellor, " is a remnant of an estate in land depending upon a particular prior estate, created at the same time and by the same instrument and limited to arise immediately on the determination of that estate.” 4 Kent’s Com. 232. See also, 2 Wash. Real Prop. 222. It is immaterial that, in this case, the grantor was the absolute owner of the land in fee at the time of the execution of the deed in question to the plaintiff. The process of carving from it a life estate for the grantor himself and vesting the remainder in the plaintiff was accomplished by the single instrument in question. The legal effect of it was precisely the same as that of a grant from a stranger of an estate to Orff for life with a remainder in fee to the plaintiff. It enabled Orff to retain possession until his death, and postponed the plaintiff’s enjoyment of his estate in remainder until that event. It created a fixed right of present enjoyment in Orff and a fixed right of future enjoyment in the plaintiff. An estate is said to be vested in one in possession when there exists in his favor a right of present enjoyment. It is vested in interest when there is a present fixed right of future enjoyment. A vested remainder is essentially an estate commencing in prcesenti though to be enjoyed in futuro. 2 Wash. K. P. 228. The law favors vested estates. Though it may be uncertain whether a remainder will ever take effect in possession, it will still be a vested remainder if the interest be fixed. The criterion is in the present capacity of taking effect in possession. 4 Kent’s Com. 237. This is aptly illustrated by the case of Watson v. Cressey, 79 Maine, 382. There the grantor conveyed his estate to his [218] two sons, bat they were "to come into possession of said property after the decease ” of the grantor and his wife. The deed was " to take eifect and go into operation on the decease ” of the grantor and his wife and "not before.” In the opinion by Mr. Justice Walton it is said : "A grantor may lawfully convey his real estate reserving to himself, or to himself and wife, a life estate in the premises. Such a conveyance vests an estate in remainder in the grantee immediately. His estate is not postponed till the termination of the life estate. His right of possession or enjoyment is postponed, but his estate, such as it is, vests immediately. In other words, he takes a vested remainder.” Wyman v. Brown, 50 Maine, 139; Brown v. Smith, 52 Maine, 141. The real purpose of reserving woodland during the life of the grantor may sometimes be defeated by a rigid application of the law limiting the rights of a life tenant; but if the grantor would have greater privileges in the enjoyment of siich a reservation than legally pertain to the ordinary life estate, he must have stipulations to that effect inserted in his deed. If the authority of settled rules is permitted to yield to the suggestion of hardship or misfortune in special instances, there can be no certainty or uniformity in the disposition of landed property and no stability or security in the law. Exceptions overruled.