Sky Transpo, Inc. v. City of Knoxville

OPINION FONES, Justice. Plaintiff, Sky Transpo, which owned and operated the gondola and chair lift system at the 1982 World’s Fair, initiated this action in the Chancery Court of Knox County, Tennessee seeking a refund of taxes paid the City of Knoxville under protest. The trial court concluded that the City properly imposed the taxes and that plaintiff was not entitled to recover. The Court of Appeals reversed and rendered judgment for plaintiff for the amounts paid under protest plus interest from the date of payment. The City of Knoxville appealed to this Court pursuant to Rule 11, T.R.A.P. This case presents two issues for review: (1) whether plaintiff’s system was an “amusement” within the meaning of Chapter 776, Private Acts of 1947, which provides for “... a tax of one (1) cent for each (20) cents, or major fraction thereof, on the amount paid for admission to any place of amusement ... ”, and (2) in the event plaintiff’s system is found not to be an “amusement” within the meaning of the Act, whether plaintiff paid the taxes at issue involuntarily. Pursuant to a contract between plaintiff and fair management, Knoxville International Energy Exposition [KIEE], plaintiff was granted an exclusive license to operate the “1982 World’s Fair Aerial Transportation System,” which is the term used in the contract. Plaintiff contends that its system was, in fact, a transportation system rather than an amusement, and, as such, not subject to the admissions tax. Testimony established that KIEE had originally contemplated an overhead amusement ride 700 feet in length, consisting of 22 two-person chairs. However, when Stokely Van Camp, the sponsor of the fair’s Folklife Festival, conditioned its participation in the fair upon the existence of a system to transport people to its proposed exhibit atop a steep hill, KIEE modified its plans. The resulting system consisted of a gondola ride from one end of the grounds to a point near the center of the mile-long, linear fair site, and a second ride, a chair lift, from the middle of the grounds to a point half-way toward the other end of the grounds. The system was over 2,800 feet long and carried approximately 4,600 passengers per hour. Originally, plaintiff’s ride was scheduled to run only during the hours the fair exhibits were open, from 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. However, when KIEE revised its plans in response to Stokely Van Camp’s wishes, it also changed plaintiff’s hours of operation to 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 midnight, requiring plaintiff to accommodate fair employees and visitors entering and leaving the grounds as early as an hour before the pavilions opened and as late as two hours after the pavilions closed. The various international participants in the fair were provided with free passes to plaintiff’s system to facilitate the movement of their pavilion employees across the fair site. With the exception of motorized wheelchairs provided for handicapped persons, there was no means of ground transportation at the fair. Early plans for a tram had been abandoned when it was determined that the fair site was too narrow to accommodate a surface system. It further appears that the purchase of a coupon book containing admission tickets to the fair’s amusement rides did not enable a fair visitor to board plaintiff’s system; the gondola and chair lift were expressly distinguished from the amusement area denominated the “Family Fun Fair.” In addition, plaintiff paid its employees the federal minimum wage, although it had been advised that amusement rides were not subject to the federal minimum wage law. Testimony indicated, as well, that access to the system was denied to only one person during the course of the fair — a severely handicapped individual whose un [129] usually heavy wheelchair could not be lifted onto the ride. I. In light of the foregoing facts, we conclude that plaintiffs gondola and chair lift were primarily means of transportation rather than amusements within the meaning of Chapter 776, Private Acts of 1947. Plaintiff, therefore, is not subject to the 5% admissions tax imposed by the Act. We adhere to the rule that “tax statutes are to be liberally construed in favor of the taxpayer and strictly construed against the taxing authority.” White v. Roden Electrical Supply Co., Inc., 536 S.W.2d 346, 348 (Tenn.1976). We are not persuaded by the City’s argument that the Sky Transpo system was primarily an amusement because it provided passengers with an entertaining vantage point from which to view the fair below. We agree with the Court of Appeals that “[i]n the case at bar sight-seeing [was] not the ostensible purpose for which tickets were purchased. In the first place, the majority of one’s view consisted of people, many of whom were standing in line waiting to enter a pavilion. The principal and interesting sights to be seen were those displayed inside the various national pavilions.” We likewise reject the City’s argument that the system’s location should be the determinative criterion. Plaintiff’s gondola and chair lift rides were admittedly situated wholly within the confines of the World’s Fair grounds, but we do not consider this factor to be controlling. In support of its contention that the Sky Transpo system was an amusement, the City points to the fact that plaintiff’s rides were dismantled and removed from the site after the fair ended. This fact, however, leads us with equal logic to a conclusion adverse to that espoused by the City. It seems self-evident that a transportation system could not feasibly be operated after the public need for it had ceased. In this Court, the city makes a new argument based upon the classification of places of amusement pursuant to Chapter 13, Public Acts 1984, codified as T.C.A. § 67-6-102(14)(E), effective June 1, 1984. What the Tennessee Legislature chose to tax as amusements in 1984 has no bearing or persuasive force upon the interpretation of a private tax act passed in 1947 as applied to alleged taxable events that occurred in 1982. The trial of this case preceded the 1984 Act. It is elementary that cases are to be tried upon the facts and the law existing at the time of the trial. The City also contends that T.C.A. § 68-19-101, which defines “aerial passenger tramways” as “recreation transportation of passengers,” and T.C.A. § 68-48-105, which states that a passenger tramway “shall be deemed not to be a common carrier,” should have some bearing on the case at bar. Both sections, however, are part of legislation intended to address public safety concerns. We find it neither appropriate nor persuasive to read into Chapter 776 of the Private Acts of 1947 definitions from an entirely unrelated statutory scheme. See United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Thompson & Green Machinery Co., Inc., 568 S.W.2d 821 (Tenn.1978); Parkridge Hospital, Inc. v. Woods, 561 S.W.2d 754 (Tenn.1978); White Stores, Inc. v. Atkins, 202 Tenn. 180, 303 S.W.2d 720 (1957). II. The second issue is whether plaintiff paid the tax under duress and involuntarily, a prerequisite to recovery. It was stipulated that on June 16, 1982, Charles W. Swanson, Knoxville’s Assistant City Attorney, sent a letter on behalf of the City’s Law Department, to Maurice DuBois of Sky Transpo, Inc. The letter stated in part: [A]s the operator of an amusement within the meaning of the above-referenced Act, your firm is responsible for the collection and payment of the amusement tax to the City. The first such payment is due on or before July 10, 1982 (for [130] taxes accrued during the period June 1-30, 1982) and subsequent payments due on the 10th day of each month thereafter. ... Please make every effort to pay this tax promptly as the failure to do so will result in the addition of penalty and interest at a rate of 2% compounded monthly. Additionally, for the purpose of enforcing the payment of the tax under this Act, the tax collector is authorized to avail himself of the process of distraint in those cases where the tax remains unpaid following the due date. The letter also included a copy of the Admissions Tax Act, which provides, in § 5, that: Every person making such return shall, at the time of making the return, pay the amount of taxes shown thereby to the tax collector. If the tax imposed by this Act is not paid when due, there shall be added as a part of the tax, interest and penalty at the rate of two (2%) per cent per month from the time the tax became due and until paid. The Act, in § 7, further provides for the imposition of criminal penalties for failure to pay the admissions tax: Any person charged by this Act with the duty of collecting or paying the taxes hereby imposed who willfully fails or refuses to charge and collect or to pay such taxes, or to make the reports and returns reauired hereunder, or to permit the tax collector or his duly authorized agent to examine his books and other records for the purpose of verifying any return or report or payment pursuant to this Act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than Twenty-Five ($25.00) Dollars, nor more than One Thousand ($1,000.00) Dollars, and upon conviction of a second or other subsequent offenses shall be fined not less than One Hundred ($100.00) Dollars, nor more than Two Thousand ($2,000.00) Dollars, and imprisoned, in the discretion of the Court, in the County jail or workhouse for not more than three months, or both. In case of violations by a corporation, the officers or directors responsible for such violation shall be subject to the punishment provided herein upon proper indictment. It was also stipulated that Sky Transpo made five admissions tax payments to the City of Knoxville, each time marking its check and the accompanying tax return and letter, “under protest.” Likewise, each tax receipt bore the words “under protest.” In Stroop v. Rutherford County, 567 S.W.2d 753, 756 (Tenn.1978), taxpayers alleged that they had presented deeds for registration at the Rutherford County Register’s Office and registration was refused unless and until a special realty transfer tax was paid; that they were compelled to and did pay the illegal tax in order to protect their property interests. We held that those allegations sufficiently alleged that the taxes in question were paid under duress and compulsion and not voluntarily. Mr. Justice Brock, writing for the Court, reviewed the leading cases in Tennessee and our sister states bearing upon the issue of payment of taxes involuntarily and under duress, and refined the principles to be applied in adjudicating that issue. We think the following quotes from Stroop are particularly applicable to the facts of this case: It has been aptly said that the terms “voluntary” and “involuntary,” when used with reference to the payment of taxes, are not applied in their ordinary sense, [citations omitted] Thus, with respect to the payment of taxes, it has been recognized that a payment may be voluntary although it is made unwillingly and, on the other hand, it is held that it is not necessary for the taxpayer to be subject to physical force or that his volition be actually overridden in order that a payment may be deemed involuntary. 567 S.W.2d at 756. “... [T]he trend is toward greater liberality in recognizing the implied duress under which payment of a tax is almost always made, and even when no seizure [131] of the taxpayer’s goods is imminent, if he is put at a serious disadvantage in the assertion of his legal rights in defending proceedings brought to collect the tax, justice may require that he be at liberty to avoid this disadvantage by paying promptly and bringing suit on his own side. He is entitled to assert his supposed right on reasonably equal terms.” [citation omitted] “In order for a payment of taxes to be deemed involuntary, there must be some actual or threatened exercise of power possessed, or believed to be possessed, by the party exacting or receiving the payment, over the person or property of the party making the payment, from which the latter has no reasonable means of immediate relief except by making the payment. But, in order to render such a payment involuntary, it is not necessary that there be any technical duress, in the usual sense of the term. Rather, in determining whether a payment of taxes is voluntary or involuntary, the real question is whether there was such an immediate and urgent necessity for the payment as to imply that it was made under compulsion.” 567 S.W.2d at 756-57, quoting with approval from 72 Am.Jur.2d 343 State and Local Taxation § 1081 (1974). The following from Bell v. Clay County, 168 Tenn. 6, 73 S.W.2d 685 (1934) is particularly applicable to the instant case, and was relied upon in Stroop: “An illegal tax wrongfully collected by a county may be recovered, if paid under duress sufficient to create an urgent and immediate necessity. ... The payment of a sum of money to avoid the hazard of a disproportionately larger sum is sometimes treated as an involuntary payment, made under duress, so that a suit to recover the sum paid may be maintained.” 168 Tenn. at 8-9, 73 S.W.2d at 685-86. The June 16, 1982 letter warned plaintiff that in the event it became delinquent in its admissions tax payments, the City was empowered to utilize the process of distraint to seize the gondola and chair lift system. Such a seizure would have placed plaintiff in breach of its contract with KIEE, and would have entitled KIEE to terminate the agreement and revoke plaintiff’s license to operate the system. Plaintiff was therefore faced with the possibility that it would suffer the loss of its financial investment in the system and that it would incur liability for damages to KIEE if it failed to make timely payments of the taxes the City claimed it owed. Had the City proceeded to avail itself of the summary remedy of distraint, plaintiff would have had no opportunity to interpose its defenses in an action at law prior to the seizure of its system. It thus appears that plaintiff was at a serious disadvantage in the assertion of its legal rights, in that it had no reasonable means of immediate relief except by making the payments. It is our opinion that one who denies the legality of a tax should be at liberty to avoid this disadvantage by paying the disputed tax promptly and bringing suit to recover what he has paid under protest. Finally, we observe that the Act makes willful failure to pay the admissions tax a misdemeanor for which fines and imprisonment may be imposed. We held on similar facts in Jorgensen-Bennett Mfg. Co. v. Knight, 156 Tenn. 579, 3 S.W.2d 668 (1928), that the existence of such sanctions gives rise to an element of duress. We are of the opinion that a taxpayer need not risk the imposition of criminal penalties in order to preserve his right to pay the disputed tax under protest and maintain an action for its recovery. Upon these facts we find that plaintiff’s tax payments were compelled by “an immediate and urgent necessity.” Stroop v. Rutherford County, supra., at 757. Sky Transpo is therefore entitled to recover the amounts paid under protest with interest as provided by law from the date of payment. The judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed and the cause is remanded to the trial court for a determination of the amount due plaintiff. Costs are adjudged against the City of Knoxville. [132] COOPER, C.J., and BROCK, J., concur. HARBISON and DROWOTA, JJ., concur in part, dissent in part.