Ex parte Jamail

OPINION HEDGES, Justice. Randall Haige Jamail appeals from the trial court’s denial of habeas corpus relief. We affirm. The Facts In 1986, appellant was charged by information with the misdemeanor offense of driving while intoxicated. He moved to suppress his refusal to take a breath test, and the judge denied his motion. He then pled nolo con-tendere with the judge’s consent to appeal the denial of the motion to suppress. Based on a negotiated plea bargain, the judge assessed punishment at confinement for 120 days, probated for two years, and a $300 fine. This Court affirmed appellant’s conviction, holding that the judge did not err in declining to suppress appellant’s refusal to take the breath test. Jamail v. State, 731 S.W.2d 708 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987) (Jamail I). We rejected appellant’s argument that, because his refusal to take the test was predicated on a request for counsel, the refusal created an impermissible inference of guilt and therefore should have been suppressed. Id. at 712. Appellant petitioned the Court of Criminal Appeals for discretionary review. The court [864] granted appellant’s petition “to determine whether the court of appeals was correct in its conclusion that the trial court did not err in failing to suppress appellant’s refusal "to submit to the breath test.” Jamail v. State, 787 S.W.2d 380, 381 (Tex.Crim.App.1990) (Jamail II). The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed our decision. Id. at 384. The court rejected appellant’s contention that “an inference of guilt necessarily accompanies the refusal when it is based upon a suspect’s request for counsel.” Id. at 382. The court also held that “[ejvidence that the appellant based his refusal to submit to the breath test on his request for an attorney does not infer his guilt,” but that appellant’s request for an attorney “as a technical matter ... was not admissible” because it was irrelevant to the State’s case. Id. at 383. The admission of the appellant’s request for an attorney was harmless error, however. Id. At approximately the same time that the Court of Criminal Appeals decided Jamail II, the Dallas Court of Appeals decided Hardie v. State, 787 S.W.2d 89 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1990) (Hardie I). In that case, the defendant was convicted by a jury of driving while intoxicated, and appealed on the ground (among others) that “the trial court improperly admitted into evidence the audio portion of a videotape containing his request for counsel-” Id. at 90. The Dallas Court agreed, holding that “[bjecause the invocation of ... assistance of counsel cannot be relied upon as evidence of guilt, the trial court erred in admitting that audio portion of the videotape” in which Hardie had requested counsel. Id. at 91. The court reversed Hardie’s conviction. Id. at 92. The Court of Criminal Appeals granted review of Hardie I “to determine the correctness of [the Dallas Court’s] holding in light of [the Court of Criminal Appeals’] recent decision in Jamail....” Hardie v. State, 807 S.W.2d 319 (Tex.Crim.App.1991) (Hardie II). The court affirmed the Dallas Court’s decision, holding that “evidence of an accused invoking his or her right to counsel may indeed be construed adversely to a defendant and may improperly be considered as an inference of guilt.” Id. at 322. In Hardie II, the court addressed Jamail II, holding that “the issue presented in Ja-mail differs from the issue here presented.” Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 321. The court made the same point later in its opinion, writing that “Jamail is not contrary to our holding today....” Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 322 n. 8. The court explained the difference in the two cases this way: In Jamail, the defendant challenged the admissibility of his refusal to take the breath test, and attempted to use the fact that he had requested counsel as a basis for keeping his refusal out of evidence. In the instant case, appellant challenged the admissibility of his invocation of counsel in and of itself. While the invocation of counsel may have no relevance as regards the State’s proffer of a defendant’s refusal to take the breath test, a different question is presented when the State has sought to introduce evidence of the request for counsel as evidence of guilt. Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 321. After distinguishing Jamail II, the court went on to state: As part of its analysis regarding the admissibility of the breath test refusal, however, this Court in Jamail did find that one’s invocation of the right to counsel does not carry an adverse inference of guilt. In light of this Court’s ultimate holding, that evidence of the request for counsel is not admissible, the aforementioned language in Jamail is deemed dicta and does not control disposition of the instant case. Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 321-22 (citation omitted). However, the court also concluded that Jamail II had been correctly decided. Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 322. The court noted that “the trial in Jamail was not to a jury, but was to the court on a negotiated plea of nolo contendere,” and held that “[s]inee it is generally presumed that a trial judge disregarded any inadmissible evidence, the error in admission of such evidence would be harm [865] less, as this Court in Jamail ultimately found it to be.” Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 322. The court asserted that “Jamail was correct in concluding the error was harmless under the facts of that case,” but also stated that it now “disapprove^] of the broad rationale [in Jamail II ] which suggests that evidence of a request for counsel would always be harmless.” Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 322. In Gipson v. State, 844 S.W.2d 738 (Tex.Crim.App.1992), the Court of Criminal Appeals dispensed with the presumption it discussed in Hardie 11. The court held that when inadmissible evidence is admitted in a trial to the judge, courts of appeal, in determining whether to reverse a conviction, may no longer presume that the judge disregarded the inadmissible evidence. Gipson, 844 S.W.2d at 741. Do Hardie and Gipson Entitle Appellant to a New Trial? In points of error one and two, appellant contends that the judge erred in denying habeas relief because appellant is entitled to the “retroactive application” of Hardie and Gipson. To quote from appellant’s brief: “In short, Appellant contends that he is entitled to a new trial because the Court of Criminal Appeals has overruled the premises for its decision in Appellant’s ease.” We disagree. Retroactivity must be decided on a case-by-ease basis. Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 165 (Tex.Crim.App.1991). Here, however, we need not reach the issue of retroactivity, because Hardie and Gipson, even if applied retroactively to appellant, would not entitle him to a new trial. The issue in Jamail I and II was whether the fact that appellant refused to take the breath test was admissible. Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 321; Jamail II, 787 S.W.2d at 381; Jamail I, 731 S.W.2d at 710. The reason appellant refused to take the breath test, that he wanted an attorney’s advice first,1 was not a determinant in either decision. We specifically stated that “[t]he fact that appellant premised his refusal upon a counsel request is irrelevant....” Jamail I, 731 S.W.2d at 712. Likewise, the Court of Criminal Appeals rejected appellant’s argument that “the refusal to take the test, because it was based on his request for counsel, should be treated differently than a refusal based on some other reason.” Jamail II, 787 S.W.2d at 382. In fact, both this Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals held that appellant did not even have a right to counsel at the time of the breath test. Jamail II, 787 S.W.2d at 381, 382; Jamail I, 731 S.W.2d at 712. We are left with the fact that appellant’s refusal to take the breath test was admissible. Jamail II, 787 S.W.2d at 384. Hardie II does not undermine this conclusion. We are aware that, in Hardie II, the Court of Criminal Appeals retreated from the language in Jamail II which stated that one’s invocation of the right to counsel does not carry an inference of guilt and that the admission of evidence of a request for counsel would always be harmless. See Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 321, 322. But while Har-die II makes the request for counsel itself inadmissible as evidence of guilt, id. at 322, it does not make inadmissible a refusal to take a breath test based on a request to consult an attorney first. The Court of Criminal Appeals saw a clear distinction between the issues presented in Jamail II and Hardie II: in Jamail II, the challenge was to the admissibility of the refusal to take the breath test, and the request for counsel was merely the basis for keeping the refusal out of evidence. Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 321. In Hardie II, however, the challenge was to the admissibility of the request for counsel itself. Id. at 321. The issues presented in Hardie II and Jamail II were different, and the rule of the former, [866] even if applied retroactively, would not alter the result in the latter. Because the Court of Criminal Appeals did not state in Hardie II that a refusal to take a breath test based on a request to consult an attorney first is inadmissible, the retroactive application of that case would not aid appellant. Similarly, retroactive application of Gipson would not benefit appellant. Gipson holds that courts of appeal may no longer assume that the judge disregarded inadmissible evidence. 844 S.W.2d at 741. However, the evidence at issue in appellant’s case — his refusal to take the breath test, not his request to consult an attorney2 — was admissible. Jamail II, 787 S.W.2d at 384. The evidence admitted in Jamail II that the Court of Criminal Appeals in Hardie II said was in admissible, but which it also presumed that the judge in Jamail’s case did not consider, was evidence of Jamail’s request for counsel, not evidence of Jamail’s refusal to take a breath test. Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 322. Applying Gipson retroactively to appellant would not disallow the evidence of his refusal to take the breath test. Thus, the rule of Gipson would not aid appellant. Because neither Hardie nor Gipson, even if applied retroactively, would entitle appellant to a new trial, we need not determine whether the two cases apply retroactively here. Our holding that these cases would not benefit appellant even if they did apply retroactively is itself dispositive of appellant’s first two points of error. We overrule points of error one and two. Was Appellant’s Plea Knowingly and Voluntarily Entered? In his third point of error, appellant argues that the judge erred in denying him habeas relief because his plea was not knowingly and voluntarily entered. Appellant contends that his plea was not knowingly and voluntarily entered for the following reason: [T]he plea agreement expressly provided that the Appellant would be permitted to appeal the denial of the trial court’s refusal to suppress his breath test refusal and his requests for counsel. Appellant’s trial counsel ... advised the Appellant that “his entry of a guilty plea in this case would not adversely effect [sic] his ability to obtain meaningful appellate review” of the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. [Trial counsel], however, did not apprise the Appellant that an appellate court might conclude, as the Court of Criminal Appeals ultimately did in dicta in Hardie, that the trial court’s erroneous denial of the Appellant’s motion to suppress would be harmless error because the trial judge would be presumed to disregard any inadmissible evidence. (Emphasis in appellant’s brief.) We note first that the judge did not refuse to suppress appellant’s “requests for counsel.” Appellant never asked the judge to suppress evidence that appellant had requested an attorney. At the hearing on appellant’s motion to suppress, the following dialogue occurred: The judge: Now, are we dealing only with suppression of the defendant’s refusal to blow a breath test at this point? Appellant’s trial counsel: Pursuant to the terms of the plea bargaining agreement, yes, we are. We are going up on the issue of suppression of the defendant’s breath test. (Emphasis added.) Nor did the plea agreement allow appellant to appeal any alleged refusal by the judge to suppress appellant’s request for counsel. The agreement is silent on the issue of appellant’s request for counsel. In any event, appellant has had “meaningful” appellate review of the judge’s denial of his motion to suppress. We disposed of the issue on the merits in Jamail I. The Court [867] of Criminal Appeals disposed of the issue on the merits in Jamail II.3 We also note that, under appellant’s argument, any appellants in past eases in which an appellate court applied the now-disfavored presumption that the judge disregarded any inadmissible evidence would not have gotten a “meaningful” appellate review. We do not agree with this position. The appellate review that took place before a change in the law is not rendered “meaningless” by the change. Rather, the previous appellate review was “meaningful” under the old law. A change in the law does not mean that the convictions in whose review the old law played some part were not reviewed “meaningfully.” Furthermore, in Hardie II, the Court of Criminal Appeals did not criticize the admission of appellant’s refusal to take the breath test or state that it was harmless error. Rather, as noted above, the court backed away from language in Jamail II which stated that the invocation of the right to counsel does not carry an inference of guilt and that the admission of evidence of a request for counsel would always be harmless. Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 321, 322. It was the admission of evidence of appellant’s request for counsel, not the admission of evidence of appellant’s refusal to take the breath test, that the court called harmless in Hardie II. Id. at 321-22. Appellant also argues that his plea was not knowing and voluntary because his trial counsel did not advise him of the possibility that an appellate court would hold that the judge’s denial of his motion to suppress was harmless error. No appellate court has held that the judge’s denial of appellant’s motion to suppress his refusal of the breath test was error or harmless error. Even if there were such a holding, lack of this advice from his attorney would not render appellant’s plea unknowing and involuntary. Trial counsel is not obligated to detail every possible appellate disposition. We overrule point of error three. Conclusion We affirm the denial of habeas corpus relief. Footnotes [1] See Jamail II, 787 S.W.2d at 381 (stating that appellant’s refusal to take the breath test "was based entirely upon his inability to obtain an attorney’s advice prior to taking the breath test”). [2] As noted above, the issue in Jamail I and II was whether evidence of appellant’s refusal to take the breath test was admissible. Hardie II, 807 S.W.2d at 321; Jamail II, 787 S.W.2d at 381; Jamail I, 731 S.W.2d at 710. [3] We are not implying that a disposition on the merits is necessary for appellate review to be "meaningful." We are stating, however, that review is certainly “meaningful” if disposition is on the merits.