C.W.C., Matter Of

OPINION TAFT, Justice. Appellant, C.W.C., appeals from the juvenile court’s order waiving jurisdiction whereby the case was transferred to criminal district court so appellant may be tried as an adult. This case involves the applicability of civil discovery sanctions to a juvenile court’s waiver of jurisdiction proceeding. We affirm. Facts Appellant, along with three other suspects, was charged with engaging in delinquent conduct, i.e., the capital murder of Nowell Fulson and the aggravated robbery of Jerry Peacock. At the request of the State, the case was set for a certification hearing to transfer the case to criminal district court. Prior to the transfer hearing, appellant served the State with written interrogatories requesting the names, addresses and telephone numbers of any persons having knowledge of facts relevant to the subject matter of the suit. The State did not respond to or object to the discovery requests filed in anticipation of the transfer hearing. As a result, appellant filed a motion for sanctions requesting, inter alia, the exclusion of witnesses and testimony. At the motion for sanctions hearing conducted October 11, 1994, appellant asserted that the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure govern juvenile proceedings. Specifically, appellant relied on Tex.R.Civ.P. 168, which requires opposing counsel to object or properly answer propounded interrogatories. Because the State had neither answered nor objected to the requests, appellant asserted that appropriate sanctions were in order. The State countered by declaring that the Rules of Civil Procedure do not control juvenile hearings regarding jurisdictional matters. Citing Tex.Fam.Code Ann. § 54.02(e) (Vernon 1986), it was the State’s position that it had properly adhered to all requirements by providing appellant with access to all written matter to be considered by the court. Alternatively, the State argued that its “open file policy,” allowing access to all information it possessed, fulfilled any responsibility to answer interrogatories in a certification hearing. The trial court denied appellant’s motion, declaring that the State does not have to answer interrogatories prior to a certification hearing, reasoning that this provision only applies in “plain petitions” or “determinate sentencings.” At the opening of the transfer hearing on December 1, 1994, appellant reurged his motion to exclude the testimony of the State’s witnesses due to the State’s failure to respond to discovery requests. The trial court overruled the objection, but allowed appellant a running objection to evidence presented by the State. The trial court then allowed the State to call several witnesses and give testimony regarding appellant’s involvement in the murder of Fulson and the robbery of Peacock. At the conclusion of the proceedings, the trial court waived its jurisdiction, thereby transferring the case to criminal district court. Discovery Violation In his first point of error, appellant complains that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the State’s witnesses to testify notwithstanding the lack of response to interrogatories requesting the identity of such persons. In his second point of error, appellant asserts that the failure to sustain [389] his motion for sanctions deprived appellant of discovery, thus violating his due process rights. Section 51.17 of the Texas Family Code provides that, except when in conflict with a provision of Title three of the Texas Family Code, the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure govern proceedings under this title. Tex. FaM.Code Ann. § 51.17 (Vernon 1986).1 Section 54.02(e) of the Family Code states: At the transfer hearing the court may consider written reports from probation officers, professional court employees, or professional consultants in addition to the testimony of witnesses. At least one day prior to the transfer hearing, the court shall provide the attorney for the child with access to all written matter to be considered by the court in making the transfer decision. Tex.Fam.Code Ann. § 54.02(e) (Vernon 1986). Appellant argues that there is no conflict between sections 51.17 and 54.02(e); thus, the Rules of Civil Procedure apply, specifically rule 215(5). Tex.R.Civ.P. 215(5) provides that a party who fails to respond to a discovery request shall not be entitled to present evidence or offer the testimony of witnesses, unless the trial court finds the existence of good cause to require admission. Appellant claims that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the testimony of witnesses not listed in the unanswered interrogatories. In contrast, the State argues that the Rules of Civil Procedure do not apply with the same vigor in juvenile cases as in civil cases, and there could not have been surprise or prejudice due to the State’s “open file” policy. Alternatively, the State declares that even if rule 215(5) is strictly adhered to, the open file policy constituted good cause for not answering appellant’s discovery requests. A. Applicability of Civil Discovery Rules to Juvenile Transfer Proceedings Texas cases have not strictly applied the rules of civil discovery in juvenile transfer proceedings. Some rules of civil discovery are in obvious conflict with applicable juvenile statutes. For example, Tex.R.Civ.P. 166b provides for discovery of reports of experts as part of the ordinary discovery process, while section 54.02(e) of the Family Code directs the trial court to provide the attorney representing the child access to such reports only “at least one day prior to the transfer proceeding.” Tex.Fam.Code Ann. § 54.02(e) (Vernon 1986). Other rules have simply not been strictly applied, particularly in the absence of prejudice to the child. In T.P.S. v. State, 590 S.W.2d 946 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.), the child complained that the transferring court acted arbitrarily in quashing his notice to take the deposition of an investigation officer who later testified for the State. Id. at 954. The Dallas Court of Appeals recognized section 51.17 of the Family Code, but refused to apply this provision as it pertains to the Rules of Civil Procedure. Id. The court stated that “it is doubtful whether all the discovery procedures available under the rules are applicable.” Id. In conclusion, the court opined that appellant failed to demonstrate how he was surprised or prejudiced by the sergeant’s testimony; thus, no reversible error was present. Id. In P.G. v. State, the court held it is not mandatory that a service of summons in a juvenile case be made pursuant to Tex. R.Civ.P. 103. 616 S.W.2d 635, 638 (Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The court noted, “that the Rules of Civil Procedure apply to juvenile eases as far as practicable.” Id. at 637; see also J.R.W. v. State, 879 S.W.2d 254, 256 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1994, no writ). During oral argument, appellant presented In the Matter of R.H., 905 S.W.2d 726 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1995, no writ), a case involving an adjudication of delinquent conduct. In R.H., the court reversed the trial court for allowing the complaining witness to [390] testify without having been disclosed in response to discovery requests. Id. at 729. The only good cause submitted by the State was that the witness was listed as a complainant in the State’s amended petition. The court rejected the State’s argument that the complainant in a juvenile case is a party-witness so as to constitute good cause under Smith v. Southwest Feed Yards, 835 S.W.2d 89, 91-92 (Tex.1992) (showing good cause where witness, although not listed in interrogatories, was party to suit, party’s identity was easily ascertainable, and party’s knowledge of relevant facts had been communicated to other party at least 30 days before trial). Id. The case of In the Matter of R.H. did not hold that civil rules of discovery apply in a juvenile court’s waiver of jurisdiction proceeding. As pointed out above, R.H. involved an adjudication of delinquency proceeding, not a non-adjudicative transfer of jurisdiction proceeding. The trial court here recognized the difference between adjudicative and non-adjudicative proceedings by stating that the rules of civil discovery would apply to “plain petitions” or “determinate sentencings,” both adjudicative juvenile proceedings, but held the civil discovery rules did not apply to the non-adjudicative transfer proceedings in this ease.2 B. Purpose of the Civil Discovery Rules Appellant’s brief set out the salutary purposes of rule 215(5) as the promotion of responsible assessment of settlement and prevention of trial by ambush. During oral argument, appellant conceded that the former purpose is not normally a consideration for juvenile transfer proceedings. In regard to trial by ambush, it is difficult to see how an open file policy would not, as a general rule, be sufficient to prevent it. Initially, we observe that civil discovery was designed to be used as a shield to defend against trial by ambush, not as a sword to decimate an opponent’s ease. It is also important to keep in mind the stark differences between ordinary civil proceedings and juvenile transfer proceedings. First, ordinary civil proceedings are adjudicative, while juvenile transfer proceedings are not. This' is one of the reasons that the rules of evidence are relaxed in juvenile transfer proceedings. See L.M.C. v. State, 861 S.W.2d 541, 542 (Tex.App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, no writ). Second, we are aware of no open file policy by plaintiffs in civil proceedings, while there was such a policy in this case. C. Trial Court’s Ruling Here Counsel for appellant admitted to the trial court that he was afforded opportunity to review the file and did so. Even from the date the motion for sanctions was denied on October 11, 1994, until the commencement of the transfer hearing on December 1, 1994, counsel for appellant had 50 days to determine any witnesses whom the State could possibly call. Appellant claimed during oral argument that an open file policy is no substitute for the State answering interrogatories asking for those witnesses with relevant evidence. Appellant asserted possible scenarios where the State’s open file might be voluminous, presenting great difficulty in ferreting out relevant witnesses. Appellant also spoke of the hardship of having to go to the District Attorney’s Office and make notes from the State’s files. We are not persuaded by appellant’s arguments. Nothing in the record shows that the State’s file in this case was voluminous or that counsel for appellant had any difficulty determining the relevant witnesses. In appellant’s hypothetical case where there were such a problem, however, it could be taken into consideration during the trial court’s determination of whether the open file policy constituted good cause for not answering interrogatories. In regard to the alleged hardship of having to go to the District Attorney’s Office, [391] we can take judicial notice that said office building is immediately adjacent to the Family Courthouse in which the juvenile courts are housed in Harris County. We also find it hard to believe that a conscientious attorney would not take advantage of an open file policy in the quest of providing effective assistance of counsel, even if it involved such alleged hardships as going to the District Attorney’s Office and manually taking notes from the prosecutor’s file. The dissenting opinion raises a concern about lack of controls on the State’s “open file,” the contents of which can be altered at will. If a problem arose due to altered files, it could also be taken into consideration in the trial court’s determination of good cause. For example, if the State called a witness who had not been listed in the State’s open file, such a witness could be excluded for lack of good cause in producing requested discovery. The dissenting opinion relies upon the recent decision handed down by the Court of Criminal Appeals in Buchanan v. State, 911 S.W.2d 11 (Tex.Crim.App.1995). The court held that an open file policy is no substitute for notice of intent to use extraneous evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts in the State’s case in chief when properly requested pursuant to Tex.R.CRIM.Evid. 404(b). We note that rule 404(b) has no exception for good cause as does civil rule 215(5). Furthermore, a criminal ease is adjudicative in nature. For these reasons, we do not find Buchanan to be applicable to either civil discovery rules or juvenile transfer proceedings. Finally, we note that the State’s open file policy is a policy which ought to be encouraged. For the State to allow its files to be open to the examination of defense counsel so that the defense has the same opportunity as the prosecutor to contact witnesses and discover the strength or weakness of the evidence supporting the State’s allegations is an admirable policy consistent with the highest ideals of open, honest government. Nothing in the record shows that the open file policy was not an adequate vehicle in this case for avoiding trial by ambush. Where appellant appears to be using civil discovery sanctions in this case as a sword, rather than a shield, it is appropriate to examine whether any actual prejudice was suffered. Indeed, that is the approach taken by established precedent. See T.P.S. v. State, 590 S.W.2d at 954. Consequently, we consider it to be particularly significant that appellant does not contend that he was surprised or that any undisclosed witness gave evidence against him. Contrary to the dissenting opinion, we are not holding that the civil rules of discovery do not apply to juvenile transfer proceedings. Rather we assume, arguendo, that rule 215(5) applies to transfer proceedings, and we hold that in this case, the open file policy constituted good cause for not responding to interrogatories. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the State’s witnesses to testify. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s two points of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment. O’CONNOR, J., motioned the Court for en banc review. HUTSON-DUNN, O’CONNOR and ANDELL, JJ., voted for en banc review. COHEN, MIRABAL, WILSON, HEDGES and TAFT, JJ., voted against en bane review. Footnotes [1] At oral argument, counsel for appellant called attention to the recent amendment of section 51.17, which took effect January 1, 1996. Amended section 51.17(b) provides: Discovery in a proceeding under this title is governed by the Code of Criminal Procedure and case decisions in criminal cases. Act of May 31, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 262, § 14, 1995 Tex.Gen.Laws 2524. [2] It is not necessary to address the basis of the trial court's holding, that the rules of civil discovery do not apply to juvenile transfer proceedings. Instead, we address the broader issue of whether it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to have denied appellant's motion for sanctions and allowed the State's witnesses to testify.