Wellman v. Wehmeyer

CRAHAN, Chief Judge. Plaintiff John Wellman (“Pedestrian”) and his wife Lois appeal the judgment entered on a jury verdict returned in favor of Defendant (“Driver”) in Pedestrian’s suit for negligence arising out of an automobile accident. Early in the morning of December 13, 1994, Pedestrian left his home to walk to the bus stop. He walked approximately five blocks to the intersection of Big Bend Road and East Glenwood where he intended to cross the street to the bus stop on the opposite side of Big Bend. Big Bend runs east and west with two lanes of traffic traveling in each direction. Pedestrian was on the north side of Big Bend and the bus stop was on the south side. As he crossed Big Bend, Pedestrian stopped to allow some eastbound traffic, which traveled on the south half of Big Bend, to pass. Pedestrian claimed he stopped near the double yellow line which divided the eastbound lanes from the westbound lanes. Michael Maruska (“Witness”) was driving east on Big Bend and observed Pedestrian. He claimed Pedestrian stopped in the center of the inner westbound lane on Big Bend. While Pedestrian was waiting for eastbound traffic to pass, Driver struck him while driving in the inner westbound lane of Big Bend. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Driver, assessing one hundred percent of fault to Pedestrian. This appeal followed. In his first point, Pedestrian claims the trial court erred in admitting certain photographs of the accident site because they did not accurately show how the accident scene appeared on the morning of the accident. The admission of photographs, being within the discretion of the trial court, will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State ex rel. Missouri Hwy. and Transp. Com’n v. Vitt, 785 S.W.2d 708, 712 (Mo.App.1990); see also Oldaker v. Peters, 817 S.W.2d 245, 250 (Mo. banc 1991). That a photograph of a location was taken before or after an event and before or after changes occurred does not render it inadmissible if the extent of the changes is explained. Vitt, 785 S.W.2d at 712; see also Matthews v. City of Farmington, 828 S.W.2d 693, 697-98 (Mo.App.1992) (photographs of accident scene admissible although relation of trees and power lines had changed when such changes were discussed); Hritz by Hritz v. Slawin, 706 S.W.2d 296, 297 (Mo.App.1986) (photographs of accident scene admissible al [351] though ear pictured differed from that involved in accident and that and other discrepancies were explained). In the present ease, Pedestrian complains that the accident scene photographs were taken three hours earlier in the morning than when the accident took place and that the photographs did not include headlight illumination. The photographer, who had personally observed the light conditions at the scene exactly one year after the accident, testified that the only difference in the light between 6:30 a.m. and 3:30 a.m. on the date in question might have been the view to the east, where dawn’s early light may have been visible. He further testified that this did not influence the amount of light falling on any subject matter or the pavement. Furthermore, this possible difference between the amount of available light, as well as the absence of headlights, was fully explained to the jury. The trial court carefully scrutinized all of the available photographic evidence and excluded much of it on the ground that the potential prejudice outweighed its probative value. The trial court concluded, however, that the photographs that were admitted could help the jury gain a fundamental understanding of Driver’s perspective of the accident scene despite their differences from the scene as it actually appeared to him. We find no abuse of discretion. Point denied. In his second point, Pedestrian objects to various passages of the testimony given by Driver’s expert witness (“Expert”). Expert discussed his background and training which established his expertise in accident investigation. Pedestrian acknowledged Expert’s ability to discuss the general physical properties affecting the accident. Pedestrian claims that various portions of Expert’s testimony were factual statements rather than general expert knowledge and that Expert discussed factual scenarios which were contradicted by the undisputed facts of the case. The decision whether to admit or exclude expert testimony is within the discretion of the trial court and will be overturned only if that discretion has been manifestly abused. Inman v. Bi-State Development Agency, 849 S.W.2d 681, 683 (Mo.App.1993). At the outset, we note that Pedestrian has improperly attempted to present what are really a number of discrete claims of error in a single point relied on in violation of Rule 84.04. Biever v. Williams, 755 S.W.2d 291, 293 (Mo.App.1988); Carroll’s Warehouse Paint Stores, Inc. v. Rainbow Coatings Corporation, 835 S.W.2d 531, 532 (Mo.App.1992). Nevertheless, in the exercise of our discretion, we will do our best to review them. Pedestrian complains that the trial court improperly allowed Driver’s expert to offer evidence that Driver was unable to see Pedestrian because of the glare from the headlights from oncoming traffic. Pedestrian urges that such testimony was impermissibly at odds with Driver’s testimony that he did not notice any oncoming, eastbound automobiles. Pedestrian also urges that it was improper for Driver’s expert to testify about the habit of pedestrians to cross a road one lane at a time. Pedestrian claims that his testimony was impermissibly at odds with Driver’s testimony that he did not see Pedestrian until he was stationary in Driver’s lane immediately prior to impact. Pedestrian’s contentions misconstrue the purpose of expert’s testimony, which was offered on the subject of causation, not what Driver did or didn’t see. To make a submissible case for failure to keep a careful lookout, substantial evidence, not speculative deductions, must show that the driver had sufficient time and distance, considering the movements and speed of the vehicle, to take effective action to avoid a collision. American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Robbins, 945 S.W.2d 52, 55 (Mo.App.1997). A duty to take such evasive action does not arise until the driver knows or should know of the likelihood that the plaintiff will be in a position of danger if such action is not taken. Id. In this case, both Pedestrian and Witness testified that there were, in fact, a number of vehicles traveling in an eastbound direction with their headlights on at the time of the accident. The fact that Driver did not notice them is evidence that he was either inattentive or was looking somewhere other than directly ahead as he proceeded in a west [352] bound direction in the inner westbound lane. This does not, however, establish that Driver’s failure to keep a careful lookout was the cause of the accident. In order to establish whether Driver’s inattentiveness was the cause of the accident, the jury was required to determine whether, if Driver had properly been paying attention, he would have seen Pedestrian and should have recognized the danger to him in time to take evasive action to avoid the collision. This was the issue addressed by Expert’s testimony. Expert did not attempt to prove that Driver was, in fact, blinded by the glare from oncoming headlights. From the record before us, it cannot be determined whether Driver was looking somewhere other than ahead of his vehicle, or had allowed his mind to wander, or even had his eyes closed. The point of Expert’s testimony was that, if Driver had been looking ahead of his vehicle as the law requires, his ability to see Pedestrian would have been impaired by the glare of oncoming lights.1 Further, although Driver did not actually see Pedestrian until just before impact, it was relevant for the jury to consider whether, if Driver had seen Pedestrian walk into the outside lane and pause before entering his lane, he should have anticipated that Pedestrian was going to proceed into his lane and stop there. Witness’s testimony that Pedestrian had indeed proceeded in that manner provided the eviden-tiary basis for Expert’s opinion on that topic. Thus, Expert’s opinion was relevant and admissible on the issue of when, if Driver had been keeping a careful lookout, he should have realized the danger to Pedestrian in time to have taken evasive action. If, due to the glare and experiential factors cited by Expert, Driver, although keeping a careful lookout, would not have perceived the danger to Pedestrian in time to have taken evasive action to avoid the accident, his failure to keep a careful lookout cannot be said to have been the cause of the accident. We find no error in the admission of Expert’s testimony on these subjects. In a somewhat different complaint asserted under this point, Pedestrian urges that Expert was improperly allowed to testify as to differences in perception of eastbound and westbound drivers due to the existence of shadows. From our reading of the evidence, this testimony was based on Driver’s Exhibit B, which we have previously held was properly admitted into evidence. Further, Expert testified that he was highly familiar with the location of the accident, having lived in the area arid traveled through the intersection on a frequent basis. An expert witness is allowed to testify “upon matters within his personal knowledge or observation, upon competent guidance in the case, or upon both.” See State ex rel. Division of Family Services v. Guffey, 795 S.W.2d 546, 551 (Mo.App.1990). We find no error in the admission of this testimony. Point denied. In his third point, Pedestrian again improperly asserts several different theories of error in connection with closing arguments. It is important to note initially that counsel are given wide latitude in closing argument in suggesting inferences from the evidence. Moore v. Missouri Pacific R. Co., 825 S.W.2d 839, 844 (Mo.1992). First, Pedestrian claims the trial court abused its discretion when it sustained Driver’s objection to his closing argument that Driver could have swerved to avoid the collision but allowed Driver to argue that Pedestrian could have walked 245 feet down to the crosswalk. Essentially, Pedestrian argues that, because Driver got to make his “crosswalk” argument, he should have been permitted to make his “swerve” argument. Driver’s theory of the case was that Pedestrian was negligent in failing to yield the right-of-way to an oncoming vehicle while not within a crosswalk. The proximity of the [353] crosswalk within which Pedestrian would have had the right-of-way is relevant to whether or not Pedestrian was negligent. However, Pedestrian’s theories of the case were that Driver was negligent either because he failed to keep a careful lookout or because he was driving at an excessive speed. Driver did not plead or submit on failure to swerve. Moreover, Driver’s expert, the only witness to testify about the possibility of swerving, opined that it would have required more time and distance to execute such a maneuver than stopping. Therefore, Pedestrian’s “swerve” argument was not supported by the evidence2 and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining Driver’s objection.3 Second, Pedestrian argues that the trial court should not have allowed Driver’s arguments about (1) the prejudice jurors might have against Driver and (2) why Pedestrian had not produced photographs of the accident scene. In closing argument Driver asked the jury: “Do you think, ladies and gentlemen, that we’d be here in a trial on this case if every single fact were the same, the distance, the lighting, the clothing Mr. Wellman [Pedestrian] was wearing, the speed at which he was walking, the speed at which the cars were approaching and the only thing different is if we had Alvin Wehmeyer [Driver] as the witness and Mike Maruska [Witness] as the driver who hit him. [Pedestrian’s counsel]: Judge, object, your honor, that’s improper argument. THE COURT: Overruled. [Driver’s counsel]: Because what they have is prejudice. The feeling that many of us have that old people shouldn’t be out there driving.” Driver was eighty-three years old at the time of the accident and Pedestrian repeatedly referred to that fact on direct examination of Driver. Driver apparently suggested to the jury that age bias should not affect their analysis of the case by asking them to consider how the same accident would be perceived if Driver was younger. Moreover, Driver continued to make this same argument more explicitly without objection from Pedestrian. We find no abuse of the trial court’s broad discretion. Driver went on to argue: “Look at the pictures. There are shadows. Don’t you think if a photograph would show that [Driver’s] headlights illuminated where [Pedestrian] was, they would have a picture of that?” Pedestrian had argued that Driver’s pictures of the accident scene did not accurately depict Driver’s view because headlight beams were absent. Driver merely responded by offering the jury an explanation, other than his intent to deceive them, why his pictures did not perfectly reproduce Driver’s perspective of the accident scene. The liberal attitude indulged by the law toward argument is particularly significant when an argument is a fair retort to arguments made by an opponent. Titsworth v. Powell, 776 S.W.2d 416, 420 (Mo.App.1989). Considering the arguments raised and evidence adduced by opposing counsel and the nature of the court’s control over arguments, the admission of Driver’s retaliatory statements was not erroneous. See Barlett by and through Barlett v. Kansas City Southern Ry. Co., 854 S.W.2d 396, 401 (Mo. banc 1993). Third, Pedestrian complains that Driver misstated the law when he told the jury that “in order for you to find against [Driver], they have to— it’s their burden to show to you that his headlights illuminated Mr. Wehmeyer [sic]4 in his lane and [Driver’s] lane for a least a hundred eight feet.” This argument addressed Pedestrian’s claim [354] that Driver failed to keep a careful lookout. A plaintiff pursuing this theory of liability has the burden to show that Driver, had he been keeping a careful lookout, could have reacted in time to avoid the accident. Riscaldante v. Melton, 927 S.W.2d 899, 902 (Mo.App.1996) (emphasis added). The only evidence adduced at trial with respect to stopping distances showed that, depending on Driver’s personal reaction time, between one hundred eight (108) feet and two hundred sixty-two (262) feet was needed for Driver to see Pedestrian, apply his brakes, and stop his vehicle before colliding with Pedestrian. From this evidence, the jury could infer that, unless Pedestrian was visible to Driver for at least one hundred eight feet, Driver would have been unable to safely avoid a collision whether or not he kept a careful lookout. Therefore, Driver’s statement about Pedestrian’s burden with respect to the lookout instruction was not a misstatement of the law but a fair attempt to apply the uncontested evidence to the law.5 See Giddens v. Kansas City Southern Ry. Co., 937 S.W.2d 300, 308-09 (Mo.App.1996). It is true that Driver’s argument may technically have been incomplete in that it only applied to the lookout submission and not to the excessive speed submission. In context, however, the trial court could properly have concluded that the jury would understand that Driver’s counsel was then addressing only the lookout submission. Further, even if, when viewed in isolation, the argument could be considered technically erroneous, Pedestrian was given ample opportunity to clarify the matter and we do not find the error, if any, to have been sufficiently prejudicial to warrant reversal and remand for a new trial. The judgment is affirmed. RHODES RUSSELL, J., concurs. CHARLES B. BLACKMAR, Senior Judge, dissents in separate opinion. Footnotes [1] The dissent’s claim that the expert testimony about headlight glare was without foundation fails to take into account the testimony of Pedestrian and Witness, both of whom testified that there were several cars proceeding in an eastbound direction with their headlights illuminated. Driver testified that he didn't notice any oncoming cars, not that there were none. Further, contrary to the dissent's observations about the permissibility of accident reconstruction testimony, Pedestrian's only objection to the testimony on appeal was that it was "at variance with Defendant’s testimony,” not that it was impermissible accident reconstruction testimony. [2] Likewise, there is not a scintilla of evidence to support the dissent’s suggestion that swerving or any other action by Driver would have lessened the damages suffered by pedestrian. [3] In addition, we note that Pedestrian was able to make his “swerve” argument later without objection from Driver. [4] It seems that counsel said "Mr. Wehmeyer” [Driver] but meant to say "Mr. Wellman” [Pedestrian]. [5] The dissent emphasizes that there was evidence before the jury from which it could have found that Pedestrian was in Driver’s lane for several seconds, during which time Driver would have traveled well over 108 feet. This is in no way inconsistent with Driver’s argument. The fact that Driver may have had over 300 feet to stop and avoid the collision should not preclude Driver from arguing, consistently with the only expert testimony before the jury, that there was no causation unless Pedestrian was visible for at least 108 feet. Further, the argument that Driver would not necessarily have perceived danger until Pedestrian actually entered his lane was likewise consistent with the only expert testimony on the subject and a reasonable inference from the evidence.