In re Baylor Medical Center at Garland

Justice BRISTER delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice JEFFERSON, Justice HECHT, Justice O’NEILL, Justice WAINWRIGHT, Justice GREEN, Justice MEDINA and Justice WILLETT joined. Mandamus will not issue against a new judge for what a former one did.1 In this medical malpractice case, the jury found for the defendant hospital, but the trial judge granted a new trial, allegedly based on juror affidavits prohibited by the rules.2 As a new judge now presides over the trial court, Rule 7.2 requires abatement of this original proceeding to allow the successor to reconsider the order.3 But another rule prevents a trial judge from “ungranting” (i.e., vacating) a new trial order more than 75 days after it is signed.4 As that deadline has passed, we can hardly ask the new judge to reconsider this order if he has no power to do so. The hospital urges us to reconsider this deadline, pointing out that it contradicts the general rules of plenary power and is unsupported by the current rules of civil and appellate procedure, stemming instead from a provision that has long since been repealed. We agree. As with any other order, a trial court should be able to reconsider a new trial order as long as a case is still pending. Accordingly, we abate this proceeding for the current judge to reconsider the order. I. Background Tammy and Steve Williams brought a medical malpractice lawsuit against Baylor Medical Center at Garland. The case was tried to a jury, which found in Baylor’s favor. On May 6, 2005, Judge Joe Cox signed a final take-nothing judgment, but 82 days later granted a new trial after further hearings. Baylor unsuccessfully sought mandamus relief in the court of appeals, and then sought relief in this Court. In the meantime Judge Nancy Thomas succeeded Judge Cox, so we abated the case pursuant to Rule 7.2: (a) Automatic Substitution of Officer. When a public officer is a party in an official capacity to an appeal or original proceeding, and if that person ceases to hold office before the appeal or original proceeding is finally disposed of, the public officer’s successor is automatically substituted as a party if appropriate.... (b) Abatement. If the case is an original proceeding under Rule 52, the court must abate the proceeding to allow the successor to reconsider the original party’s decision.5 Two months later, Judge Thomas vacated the new trial order and reinstated judgment on the jury verdict. As required by our order, Baylor notified us of the development and moved to dismiss its petition as moot. But the same day we did so, the — 229 — Williamses asked Judge Thomas to reconsider, which she did and once again reinstated Judge Cox’s new trial order. Baylor petitioned this Court for relief. While the case was pending, Judge Jim Jordan was elected to take Judge Thomas’s place.6 II. Must Baylor File Again in the Court of Appeals? As a preliminary matter, we must decide whether Baylor had to seek relief again in the court of appeals. Generally, a party must seek relief in the court of appeals before seeking it in this Court.7 But the court of appeals has already considered this very order and denied relief; it was only because Baylor was misled into believing that its first petition was moot that a new one had to be filed. As this proceeding is nothing more than a continuation of the former one, it belongs here rather than in the court of appeals. II. Can the New Trial Orders be Vacated? Nowhere but Texas can one find a single appellate opinion discussing when a court can “ungrant” a motion. Texas has more than 20, almost all dealing -with our unique rule that an order granting a new trial cannot be “ungranted” more than 75 days after it is signed.8 — 230 — This ungrammatical rule stems from Fulton v. Finch, a 1961 opinion in which we held that an order granting a new trial could not be set aside after the deadline for ruling on new trial motions.9 That was because rule 329b at the time provided that all motions for new trial “must be determined” within 45 days: All motions and amended motions for new trial must be determined within not exceeding forty-five (45) days after the original or amended motion is filed, unless by written agreement of the parties in the case, the decision of the motion is postponed to a later date.10 Because reinstating the original judgment was “tantamount to overruling [the] motion for new trial,” we held the 45-day deadline imposed an absolute limit on when an order of new trial could be “un determined” and the original judgment reinstated.11 Rule 329b was amended effective January 1, 1981 to eliminate this “must be determined” provision.12 Now, the rule terminates the trial court’s plenary power 30 days after all timely motions for new trial are overruled,13 but there is no provision limiting its plenary power if such motions are granted. Under the current rules, if no judgment is signed, no plenary-power clock is ticking. But some 33 years after Fulton this Court issued Porter v. Vick, a five-paragraph per curiam opinion that read Fulton to render void any attempt to vacate a new-trial order after plenary power would have expired had the original judgment not been set aside.14 But Fulton did not even mention plenary power; it turned on a rule, since repealed, requiring new trial orders to be decided within 45 days. The Porter opinion neither recognizes nor addresses the 1981 changes to rule 329b. Instead, Porter imposed a deadline based on a purely hypothetical event: the expiration of plenary power assuming that a vacated judgment had instead become final. Plenary power of course expires only after final judgments, not vacated judgments. So PortePs deadline is highly unusual; it is hard to think of any other case in which a deadline runs from a vacated order. Moreover, rather than enforcing the rules of plenary power, the deadline in Porter v. Vick is inconsistent with them.15 When a new trial is granted, the case — 231 — stands on the trial court’s docket “the same as though no trial had been had.”16 Accordingly, the trial court should then have the power to set aside a new trial order “any time before a final judgment is entered.” 17 It is possible (though not mentioned in the opinion) that Porter v. Vick sought to prevent a situation where reinstatement of a previous judgment would prevent a party from having time to file an appeal. As parties have 90 days to appeal when a motion for new trial is filed,18 retroactively reinstating an original judgment more than 90 days after it was signed arguably might prevent any appeal at all.19 But we recently clarified that “a trial judge who modifies a judgment and then withdraws the modification has modified the judgment twice rather than never.”20 Rule 329b(h) provides that if a judgment is modified “in any respect ” the appellate timetables are restarted.21 Surely a judgment that is set aside by a new trial order has been modified in some respect, even if it is later reinstated.22 Thus, if a new trial is granted and later withdrawn, the appellate deadlines run from the later order granting reinstatement rather than the earlier order. It is true that if trial judges constantly reconsider prior orders, time and money can be wasted waiting for closure. But a rule preventing trial judges from ever reconsidering a prior order would be wasteful too. New trial orders are rare, and the long list of cases in footnote 8 shows that trial judges often think better of them. Perhaps a rule should be adopted placing a deadline on reinstating a judgment, even though no rule currently sets a deadline on signing a judgment in the first place. But a deadline that appears only in case law sets a trap for judges and litigants like the one they fell into here. “A trial court’s plenary jurisdiction gives it not only the authority but the responsibility to review any pre-trial order upon proper motion.”23 This principle is violated by the rule of Porter v. Vick, as succinctly noted by one Texas justice: (1) [A]fter a motion for new trial has been granted, how can a trial court have ongoing plenary power to re-try the case, etc., but lack plenary power to vacate the decision to grant the motion for new trial?; (2) once a trial court determines that a motion for new trial has been improvidently granted and that a proper adjudication was, in fact, reached, why must the time and other resources of the parties and judicial sys — 232 — tem nevertheless be wasted to relitigate it?; and (8) why have such anomalies been allowed to persist?24 Federal courts and commentators agree: “There is no sound reason why the court may not reconsider its ruling [granting] a new trial” at any time.25 Accordingly, we overrule Porter v. Vick, and abate this case for Judge Jordan to reconsider whether to enter judgment on the jury verdict or to grant a new trial. Justice JOHNSON filed a dissenting opinion. Footnotes [1] See Tex.R.App. P. 7.2(b); State v. Olsen, 163 Tex. 449, 360 S.W.2d 402, 403 (1962) ("A writ of mandamus will not lie against a successor judge in the absence of a refusal by him to grant the relief Relator seeks.”). [2] See Tex.R. Civ. P. 327(b); Tex.R. Evid. 606(b). [3] Tex.R.App. P. 7.2(b). [4] See Porter v. Vick, 888 S.W.2d 789, 789-90 (Tex.1994); Fulton v. Finch, 162 Tex. 351, 346 S.W.2d 823, 826 (1961). [5] TexR.App. P. 7.2. [6] We must address this issue even though the parties have not. See In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 129 (Tex.2004) (“When we learned that the trial judge who denied Prudential’s motion to quash had left office, we abated our proceeding to allow the parties to seek reconsideration by the current judge see also State v. Olsen, 360 S.W.2d at 403 (Tex.1962); In re Newby, 280 S.W.3d 298, 299-301, No. 07-07-0480-CV, 2007 WL 4374853, at *1 (Tex.App.-Amarillo Apr. 15, 2008, orig. proceeding) (taking judicial notice sua sponte that trial judge had been indefinitely suspended). [7] See Tex.R.App. P. 52.3(e); Republican Party of Texas v. Dietz, 940 S.W.2d 86, 94 (Tex.1997). [8] See Porter v. Vick, 888 S.W.2d 789, 789-90 (Tex.1994); Fulton v. Finch, 162 Tex. 351, 346 S.W.2d 823, 826 (1961); Gallagher v. Willows at Sherman Assisted Living & Memory Care, LP, 244 S.W.3d 646, 648 (Tex.App.Dallas 2008, no pet. h.); Garcia v. Rodriguez, 155 S.W.3d 334, 336 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2004, no pet.); In re Luster, 77 S.W.3d 331, 334-35 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, mand. denied); In re Steiger, 55 S.W.3d 168, 170-71 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.); Zapata v. ACF Indus., Inc., 43 S.W.3d 584, 585-86 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.); Ferguson v. Globe-Tex. Co., 35 S.W.3d 688, 691-92 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2000, mand. denied); In re Ellebracht, 30 S.W.3d 605, 607-08 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2000, no pet.); In re Marriage of Wilburn, 18 S.W.3d 837, 843-44 n. 3 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2000, pet. denied); Biaza v. Simon, 879 S.W.2d 349, 357 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied); Carrillo v. Fruehauf Corp., 838 S.W.2d 573, 574 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1992), rev’d, 848 S.W.2d 83, 84 (Tex.1993); Rios v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., No. 13-07-00715-CV, 2008 WL 802457, at *1-2 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi Mar. 27, 2008, no pet. h.); Autonation Direct.com Inc. v. Thomas A. Moorehead, Inc., No. 14-06-00711-CV, 2006 WL 3091480, at *1 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 2, 2006, no pet.); Quality Infusion Care, Inc. v. Ro-West Trust, No. 14-06-00740-CV, 2006 WL 2882953, at *1 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 12, 2006, no pet.); Hammons v. City Of Krugerville, No. 2-04-353-CV, 2005 WL 2838602, at *1 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth Oct. 27, 2005, pet. denied); Itis Inc. v. Kellam, No. 14-03-00598-CV, 2003 WL 21283811, at *1 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] June 5, 2003, no pet.); Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs. v. Mastin, No. 03-01-00158-CV, 2002 WL 1343215, at *2 (Tex.App.-Austin June 21, 2002, no pet.); In re Simpson, No. 01-02-00285-CV, 2002 WL 467731, at *1-2 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 27, 2002, no pet.); Andres v. Whisner, No. 14-02-00574-CV, 2002 WL 31599903, at *1 (Tex.App.Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 21, 2002, no pet.); In re Gordon, No. 09-97-333-CV, 1997 WL 764735, at *1 (Tex.App.-Beaumont Dec.11, 1997, no pet.). Some courts have addressed the same rule without using the term "un-grant.” See Gallagher, 244 S.W.3d at 648; In — 230 — re Marriage of Trice, No. 06-00-00165-CV, 2001 WL 256323, at *1 (Tex.App.-Texarkana Mar. 16, 2001, no pet.); In re 4H Entm’t, Inc., No. 05-99-01956-CV, 1999 WL 1194109, at *1 (Tex.App.-Dallas Dec. 16, 1999, mand. denied). There has also been some question whether the deadline for "ungranting” such motions is 75 or 105 days. See In re Steiger, 55 S.W.3d at 171; Biaza, 879 S.W.2d at 357. [9] 162 Tex. 351, 346 S.W.2d 823, 826 (1961). [10] TexR. Civ. P. 329b(3), 17 Tex. B.J. 569 (1954, amended 1960). [11] 346 S.W.2d at 826 (italics in original). [12] See Order of Supreme Court of Texas, Adopting Amendments to Rules of Civil Procedure, 599-600 S.W.2d (Court Rules) XXXIII, L-LI (June 10, 1980, eff. Jan. 1, 1981). [13] Tex.R. Civ. P. 329b(e). [14] 888 S.W.2d 789, 789 (Tex.1994) ("[A]ny order vacating an order granting a new trial which was signed outside the court's period of plenary power over the original judgment is void.”). [15] See Mathes v. Kelton, 569 S.W.2d 876, 878 (Tex.1978) (“A trial court has plenary power to reverse, modify, or vacate its judgment at any time before it becomes final.”); Transamerican Leasing Co. v. Three Bears, Inc., 567 S.W.2d 799, 800 (Tex.1978) (same); Black's Law Dict. 870 (8th ed.2004) (defining "plenary jurisdiction” as "[a] court's full and absolute power over the subject matter and the parties in a case”). [16] Wilkins v. Methodist Health Care Sys., 160 S.W.3d 559, 563 (Tex.2005) (quoting Wichita Falls Traction Co. v. Cook, 122 Tex. 446, 60 S.W.2d 764, 768 (1933)). [17] Fruehauf Corp. v. Carrillo, 848 S.W.2d 83, 84 (Tex.1993). [18] Tex.R.App. P. 26.1(a)(1). [19] See Zapata v. ACF Indus., Inc., 43 S.W.3d 584, 585 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.). [20] Arkoma Basin Exploration Co. v. FMF Assocs. 1990-A, Ltd., 249 S.W.3d 380, 391 (Tex.2008). [21] Tex.R. Civ. P. 329b(h) (emphasis added). [22] See Check v. Mitchell, 758 S.W.2d 755, 756 (Tex.1988) ("We hold that any change, whether or not material or substantial, made in a judgment while the trial court retains plenary power, operates to delay the commencement of the appellate timetable until the date the modified, corrected or reformed judgment is signed.”). [23] Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241 (Tex.1985). [24] In re Luster, 77 S.W.3d 331, 336 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, mand. denied) (Edelman, J., concurring); see also id. at 336 n. 3 (noting court of appeals would "welcome” a rule change to overrule Porter). [25] 6A James Wm. Moore, Moore's Federal Practice ¶ 59.13[1], at 59-277 (2d ed.1996); accord, U.S. Xpress Enters., Inc. v. J.B. Hunt Transp., Inc., 320 F.3d 809, 817-18 (8th Cir.2003); Toole v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 235 F.3d 1307, 1315 (11th Cir.2000) ("In this case, the court's order for a new trial was an interlocutory order, and therefore the trial court had the power to revoke it and reinstate the judgment [four years later].”); Hardin v. Hayes, 52 F.3d 934, 938 (11th Cir.1995); McIsaac v. Didriksen Fishing Corp., 809 F.2d 129, 135 (1st Cir.1987); Gallimore v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 635 F.2d 1165, 1171 (5th Cir.1981) ("While Rule 59(d) limits the power of the court to grant a new trial on its own initiative to a time not later than 10 days after entry of judgment, there is nothing within its principles that precludes the court, on its own initiative, from vacating an order granting a new trial.”); Bateman v. Donovan, 131 F.2d 759, 764 (9th Cir.1942) ("But as regards an order granting a new trial after verdict, such order being interlocutory and not final, since it leaves the case undisposed of, and the parties before the court, it may be set aside if erroneously granted, and this may be done even after expiration of the term.”); East Tenn. Natural Gas Co. v. 3.04 Acres in Patrick County, No. 4:02-CV-000146, 2007 WL 1112678, at *1 (W.D.Va. April 12, 2007); W.W. Allen, Annotation, Power of court to vacate or modify order granting new trial in civil case, 61 A.L.R.2d 642, 645 (1958).