Springston v. Wheeler

Townsend, J. The appellant, in his brief, assigns three specifications of error, which are as follows, to-wit: “(1) The court erred in rendering judgment for plaintiff, because there is no law in force in this jurisdiction by which [391] there is given to one Indian a lien upon the residence of another Indian of the same tribe, situated on the Indian land, or on land the title to which is in the Indian nation, which can be enforced in the courts of the United States. (2) Because the plaintiff fails to allege the residence and citizenship of the defendant. (8) Because the plaintiff fails to allege that the house and land on which plaintiff claims a lien are situated in the northern district, and within the jurisdiction of this court.” oómpiafnt The complaint filed by plaintiff says, in its first clause, “that plaiutiff, Win. W. Wheeler, of Sallisaw, Indian Territory, states defendant, of same place, John L. Springston, ” etc.; and said complaint further says, “Plaintiff filed with the clerk of this court, in the northern judicial district, wherein said property is all situated, a true and just account of the demands due,’’etc., and, further, plaintiff alleges that he has a lien on building and appurtenances “now situate on lots 10, 11 and 12 of block No. 42 in the town of Sallisaw, Indian Territory, both then and now owned and occupied by said defendant.” While the allegations in the complaint are inartificially stated, yet we think it sufficiently appears from the complaint that the building and lots on which plaintiff claim sa lien are situated in the northern judicial district, and that the defendant was a resident of said district, and within the jurisdiction of the court. The first appearance of the defendant in the case was by filing a motion to set the default judgment aside, and the first ground set out in said motion is as follows: “This defendant resides at Sallisaw, I.T. That plaintiff had him served with a summons in the case on the-■ day of-, 1898, but furnished him with no copy of the complaint.” It is conceded in appellant’s brief that by the acts of Congress the United States court in the northern district has jurisdiction of all persons, and the defendant, by filing his motion and answer in the case, has submitted to the jurisdiction of the court. We, therefore, are of the opin [392] the jurisdiction of the court. We, therefore, are of the opinion that assignments of error Nos. 2 and 3 are not well taken. [393] Improvements on Indian Lands. Mechanics Llens upon. [392] In the snswer filed by the defendant, he ‘ ‘says that at the time of the furnishing of the materials mentioned in said complaint, and of the building mentioned therein, both the plaintiff and defendant were Cherokee Indians, and recognized members of the Cherokee Nation or Tribe of Indians, and residing in said nation, and that so much of the laws in force in the Indian Territory as pertains to liens in favor of persons furnishing materials for the construction of a building was locally inapplicable, and wholly inapplicable to the plaintiff and defendant, and the said material was used upon a portion of the public domain of the Cherokee Nation, and the defendant had not at the time of the purchase or use of the materials any such ownership, right, or interest in the ground that a lien could attach thereto that can be enforced in this court, and it is without the jurisdiction of this court to render any judgment herein giving to plaintiff a lien upon either the building or the ground upon which it stands, or to issue any process for the enforcement of such a judgment.” To this answer plaintiff replied as follows: “Plaintiff, W. W. Wheeler, in above cause, states, by way of reply to the allegations of defendant J. L. Springston’s answer therein, that this plaintiff was a citizen of the United States when this cause of action accrued, as will more particularly appear, reference being had to the records of this court,— plaintiff having taken out naturalization papers and being sworn in as a citizen of the United States on May 12, 1896; such facts being of record in this court.” The construction of section 4409, Mansf. Dig. (section 2876, Ind. T. Ann. St. 1899; Mechanics’Lien Law), by the Arkansas supreme court, makes this statute operative wherever the owner or person constructing the building has an interest in the land, but only the interest which such person has can be sold. McCullough vs Caldwell, 5 Ark. 238; White vs Chaffin, 32 Ark. [393] 59; 15 Am. & Eng. Enc. of Law, pp. 9, 10; Jones, Liens, §§ 1257, 1258, 1272-1279, 1868-1872; Phil. Mech. Liens, §§ 186, 188, 192. It is clear from the record in this case that the appellee has become a citizen of the United States under and by virtue of the naturalization provided for in the forty-third section of the act of Congress of May 2,1890. But the serious question in ttiis case, and the only one of any doubt, is whether, under section 31 of said act of May 2, 1890, which adopts and puts in force the mechanics’ lien law of Arkansas being chapter 96, Mansf. Dig. (chapter 44, Ind. T. Ann. St 1899), it is intended by other provisions in the same section of said act to make said mechanics’ lien law inapplicable in the territory. . If it is inapplicable in this case, it is mallín the case at bar the appellant has a possessory interest, and that is the only interest any person has in the lands in the Indian Territory. By section 4417, Mansf. Dig. (section 2884, Ind. T. Ann. St. 1899), it is provided as follows: “The execution to be issued shall be a special fieri facias, and shall be in conformity with the judgment, and shall be returnable as ordinary executions. ” In section 31 of the act of May 2, 1890, which is the same section that puts in force chapter 96 of Mansf. Dig. (chapter 44, Ind. T. Ann. St. 1899), known as the “Mechanics’ Lien Law,” is this provision: ‘ ‘That executions upon judgments obtained in any other than Indian courts shall not be valid for the sale or conveyance of title to improvements made upon 'lands owned by an Indian nation, except in the cases wherein attachments are provided for. ’ ’ Do the ‘ ‘executions” that are declared ‘ ‘shall not be valid” as above stated in said section 31 include the ‘ ‘special fieri facias” provided for in section 4417, Mansf. Dig. (section 2884, Ind. T. Ann. St. 1899), above quoted? It is well understood that all mechanics’ lien laws are statutory. They were unknown to the common law. See Jones on Liens: ‘ ‘At common law a mechanic has no lien upon a building for labor done upon it. Equity raises no lien upon it other than the grantor’s lien for purchase money. There is no common394 law lien of any kind upon real property. A mechanic has a lien at common law for labor done upon a chattel so long as he retains possession of it, but a mechanic or laborer cannot retain possession of real property upon which he has performed labor. A mechanic’s lien upon real property has been declared to be in the nature of a mortgage of the property, though it is imposed by statute in favor of a whole class of persons. It has also been likened to an attachment and to a lis pendens.” Section 1184. Also, see Phillips on Mechanics’ Liens: “The decisions in each state must conform to its own mechanics’lien'law. The federal tribunals, in matters of lien, are bound by the decisions of the highest court of a state in interpreting its own statute. There is no distinction to be observed in the construction of statutes creating these liens and other expressions of legislative will. The general rules adopted to discover and interpret the intention of laws are also applicable. Thus the whole law on the subject of mechanic’s lien must be read together when interpreting the rights of parties under any of its provisions. Again, it has been declared that, as acts in relation to mechanics’ liens establish a system altogether out of the course of the common law, when points arise evidently not foreseen by the legislature, and upon which the statutes have not spoken, the grounds of decision to be resorted to must be the general scope and spirit of the enactment, the analogy of cases which have already been settled, and such considerations of policy as may be supposed to have had their influence on the minds of the lawmakers, and to aim at such results as will most effectually promote the interest and security of those classes of men whom the system was designed to favor. Upon a doubtful question of construction, the argument from inconvenience has great force. As when the whole of enactments are considered in connection, and it is impracticable to carry out a particular intent by any procedure provided by the statute, or where absurd consequences in many supposable cases would result, these circumstances are sufficient to de [395] termine the judgment of the court. So, where an injustice would result from the construction of an act, it should not be adopted without the most explicit language. Thus, if a law provide that after its passage ‘no claim of a mechanic, filed • in pursuance of a previous act, should continue to be a lien for a longer term than five years from the day of filing the same, ’ etc., it does not apply to claims which had been filed before the passage of the act, as it might give to some of the liens then entered only a month or day for their enforcement, or even, if the five years had expired, abolish them entirely. But in no case is it competent for the judiciary to set up its views of the general policy of the public against those of the legislature, and, disregarding what may be considered unwise legislation, exert any controlling influence in preventing a fair and liberal interpretation of the remedy contemplated and provided by the legislature. ” Section 14. To hold that the “special fieri facias ” above referred to shall not be valid under the term “executions’’ mentioned in section 31 above stated, then the adoption and putting in force in the Indian Territory of chapter 96, Mansf. Dig. (chapter 44, Ind. T. Ann. St. 1899), in said section 31, is meaningless, and chapter 96 (chapter 44) cannot be enforced. Is this a fair and just interpretation of the legislative will? The statute for the enforcement of mechanics’ liens is highly remedial, — universally so regarded by the courts, — and did not Congress intend that the Indian Territory should have the benefit of the same? ¥e are of the opinion that it did, and that the statute should be enforced. There being no question but what the case at bar falls within the statute, we are of opinion that the judgment of the court below was correct, and it is therefore affirmed. Clayton, C. J., and Thomas and Gill, JJ., concur.