State v. Markland

241 MEMORANDUM DECISION GREENWOOD, Judge: ¶ 1 David Markland, Defendant, was charged with possession of methamphetamine, a third degree felony, and with possession of marijuana, a class B misdemeanor. See Utah' Code Ann. § 58-37-8(2)(a)(i) (2002). Defendant moved to suppress the evidence, arguing that his detention was not supported by reasonable suspicion and the ensuing search was therefore illegal. The trial court denied the motion to suppress and Defendant petitioned for an interlocutory appeal, which this court granted. The issue before this court is whether the trial court properly denied Defendant’s motion to suppress. We reverse. ¶ 2 Defendant argues that the State failed to establish a reasonable suspicion to support the level two detention. “[Wjhether a particular set of facts gives rise to reasonable suspicion is a question of law, which is reviewed for correctness.” State v. Chapman, 921 P.2d 446, 450 (Utah 1996) (citing State v. Pena, 869 P.2d 932, 939 (Utah 1994)). “However, we conduct our review with a measure of discretion given to the trial judge’s application of the legal standard to the facts.” State v. Fridleifson, 2002 UT App 322,¶ 7, 57 P.3d 1098 (quotations and citations omitted). ¶ 3 The parties do not dispute that a level two detention occurred when the pólice retained Defendant’s identification while they ran a warrants check; instead, they dispute whether the detention was legal. This court has noted that one level of “constitutionally permissible encounters between law enforcement officers and the public” is a level two detention, whereby “an officer may seize a person if the officer has an ‘articulable suspicion’ that the person has committed or is about to commit a crime; however, the ‘detection must be temporary and last no longer than is necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop.’ ” Salt Lake City v. Ray, 2000 UT App 55,¶ 10, 998 P.2d 274 (quoting State v. Deitman, 739 P.2d 616, 617-18 (Utah 1987) (per curiam) (citations omitted)). Defendant argues that Deputy Spotten’s level two detention was not based on an “articulable suspicion’? that Defendant had “committed or [was] about-to commit a crime.” Id. ¶ 4 If a level two detention is not “ ‘supported by reasonable suspicion!, it] violates the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.’ ” Ray, 2000 UT App 55 at ¶ 18, 998 P.2d 274 (quoting State v. Bean, 869 P.2d 984, 988 (Utah Ct.App.1994)). “In determining whether the officers had a reasonable articulable suspicion to justify Defendant’s temporary detention, we ‘look to the totality of the circumstances ... to determine if there was an objective basis for suspecting criminal activity.’ ” State v. Beach, 2002 UT App 160, ¶ 8, 47 P.3d 932 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Humphrey, 937 P.2d 137, 141 (Utah Ct.App.1997)). Further, when “considering the totality of the circumstances, we ‘judge the officer’s conduct in light of common sense and ordinary human experience ... and we accord deference to an officer’s ability to distinguish between innocent and suspicious actions.’ ” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Williams, 271 F.3d 1262, 1268 (10th Cir. 2001)). ¶ 5 Deputy Spotten testified that he and another officer responded to a call from dispatch at approximately 3:00 a.m. The dispatch stated that someone was heard screaming near the east side of the Bridgeside Landing apartment complex. When the officers arrived, Defendant was the only individual in the area, and he was walking down a dark street, carrying two over-the-shoulder cloth bags, toward what appeared to be a dead end. Deputy Spotten testified that he stopped Defendant and inquired whether Defendant had heard any screaming. Defendant responded he had not. When asked where he was going, Defendant said he was walking home. Deputy Spotten asked- Defendant’s name and destination, and then requested Defendant’s identification. Deputy Spotten took Defendant’s identification and ran a warrants check. Upon discovering Defendant had an outstanding warrant, Deputy Spotten arrested Defendant and conducted a search pursuant to the arrest. ¶ 6 When asked at the hearing what was suspicious about Defendant’s behavior, Deputy Spotten responded that “the fact that [De 242 fendant] was in the area, it’s dark out there, it’s a dead end area[,] ... and he’s in the back of a complex where he does not live.” Deputy Spotten did not testify to any objective or subjective connection he made between Defendant and the reported screaming. Nevertheless, based on this testimony, the trial court found “that Deputy Spotten had a reasonable articulable [suspicion] based on the following”: the deputy received a report of a cry for help in the area where Defendant was, it was late and not well-lit, Defendant was headed down a dead-end road “where he could not get anywhere,” Defendant “said he was going home to a location that he could not get to by traveling in the direction he was headed,” and Defendant was carrying two bags. ¶ 7 Although we grant the trial court a measure of discretion in its application of the legal standard to the facts, see State v. Fridleifson, 2002 UT App 322,¶ 7, 57 P.3d 1098, we disagree with its determination that Deputy Spotten had a reasonable articu-lable suspicion that Defendant was engaged in, or about to engage in, criminal activity. Deputy Spotten did not testify that he had any suspicions of criminal activity concerning Defendant. See, e.g., State v. Chapman, 921 P.2d 446, 453 (Utah 1996) (“By the officers’ own testimony, no independent facts surrounding the encounter with [the defendant] created suspicion that he was involved in any illegal activity....”). In Salt Lake City v. Ray, 2000 UT App 55,¶ 19, 998 P.2d 274, this court held that the officers did not have a reasonable suspicion “on which to justify the level two stop, and the seizure, therefore, violated” the defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. This court noted that “the facts known to the officers regarding [the defendant] were at least as. consistent with lawful behavior as with the commission of a crime.” Id. (footnotes ■ omitted). Further, this court noted, “By [the officers’] own testimony, [they] had no knowledge of any violation of the law that [the defendant] might have committed or was about to commit.” Id. ¶ 8 In this case, as in Ray, the officers responded to a suspicious circumstances call, yet they did not observe, have knowledge of, or have suspicions about any crime that had been committed or was about to be committed, let alone any crime Defendant had committed or was about to commit. Although this case is distinct from Ray, based in part on the lateness of the hour and the recent report of screaming in the area, this court has held that a “decision to stop ... based merely on the lateness of the hour and the high-crime factor in the area,” was insufficient to support a reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct. State v. Trujillo, 739 P.2d 85, 89 (Utah Ct.App.1987). In Trujillo, the officer observed a trio of men walking along State Street, in the dark, through what was considered a high-crime area. See id. The officer was suspicious about a knapsack one of the men was carrying, although he never inquired about it.1 See id. Further, once the officer stopped the men, they appeared “nervous.” Id. This court held that the officer “did not articulate reasonable objective facts for suspecting [the defendant] had engaged in or was about to engage in criminal conduct.” Id. at 90. ¶ 9 Finally, the totality of circumstances in this case is insufficient to support “an objective basis for suspecting criminal activity.” State v. Beach, 2002 UT App 160, ¶ 8, 47 P.3d 932 (quotations and citation omitted). Defendant was in the area of the “suspicious circumstances” dispatch, the area was dark, he was carrying two bags, and he was heading down what the officer thought was a dead-end road. Although “ ‘we accord deference to an officer’s ability to distinguish between innocent and suspicious actions,’ ” id. (quoting United States v. Williams, 271 F.3d 1262, 1268 (10th Cir.2001)), these circumstances are not sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion.2 Deputy Spotten did not ob 243 serve Defendant engaged in illegal activity; he did not articulate any grounds for believing that Defendant was, or was about to be, engaged in criminal activity; and he did not make a connection between Defendant and the reported screaming.3 ¶ 10 Based on the foregoing, we disagree with the trial court’s determination that Deputy Spotten had a reasonable suspicion to support the level two detention of Defendant. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to suppress and remand the case for further proceedings as may now be appropriate. ¶ 111 CONCUR: JAMES Z. DAVIS, Judge. Footnotes [1] In both State v. Trujillo, 739 P.2d 85, 89 (Utah Ct.App.1987), and this case, the officers were concerned about bags the respective defendants were carrying. However, in neither case did the officers inquire about the bags. Additionally, neither officer could "articulate what concerned him about” the bags in question. Id. [2] Compare State v. Fridleifson, 2002 UT App 322,¶ 14, 57 P.3d 1098 (affirming lower court’s finding of reasonable suspicion to investigate the defendant where the defendant was seen near drug house under surveillance, was told it was the site of illegal drug transactions and to leave, yet the defendant returned to tire house, parked 243 in a less conspicuous spot, left his engine running, and ignored the officer's questioning upon leaving the house), with State v. Sykes, 840 P.2d 825, 828-29 (Utah Ct.App.1992) (holding police lacked reasonable suspicion to detain defendant based on her three minute presence in drug house under surveillance). [3] Further, case law indicates that where an officer observes behavior that is consistent with illegal activity, officers may have reasonable suspicion to investigate. Compare State v. Beach, 2002 UT App 160,¶ 9, 47 P.3d 932 (holding that where officer "observed specific behavior that reasonably led him to suspect that” the defendant was engaged in illegal activity, officer had reasonable suspicion); with State v. Swanigan, 699 P.2d 718, 719 (Utah 1985) (per curiam) (holding officer’s stop of two individuals unconstitutional where stop was based on description by another officer, who merely saw individuals walking down street at 1:40 a.m., in area where recent burglary reported). In this case, however, Deputy Spotten did not observe Defendant engaged in behavior consistent with illegal activity.