Dugger v. State ex rel. Oklahoma Tax Commission

ALMA WILSON, Justice: The dispositive issue in this appeal is whether there is substantial evidence to support the findings and conclusions of the Oklahoma Tax Commission. We hold that the evidence is insufficient to support the finding by the Oklahoma Tax Commission that the federal adjusted incomes for tax years 1984, 1985 and 1986 were not recomputed in determining the tax reduction claimed for the 1987 tax year. During 1984, 1985 and 1986, Athel W. Dugger received $426,567.00 from the sale of gas produced in this state. For tax years 1984, 1985 and 1986, Athel W. and Anna Dugger, appellants (taxpayers), reported the mineral interest proceeds for income tax purposes. Mobil Oil Corporation, an interest owner in the gas well, sued Dugger in federal district court to recover the gas proceeds paid to Dugger, on the grounds that the Dugger took a greater portion of the gas than he was entitled to receive. Pursuant to a settlement agree-mént, Dugger agreed that, as of December 31, 1986, he had received production proceeds in the amount of $426,567.00 and that he should pay $365,204.29 of the production receipts to Mobil Oil Corporation for distribution to the other interests owners. In 1987, Dugger paid to Mobil the judicially approved amount of overpayment. Dug-ger reported this repayment of $365,204.29 to the Internal Revenue Service in his 1987 personal income tax return, filed jointly with his spouse. In 1988, taxpayers filed amended state income tax reports for tax years 1984, 1985 and 1986 and claimed refunds for each year based upon the 1987 repayment to Mobil. The Income Tax Division of the Oklahoma Tax Commission denied the refunds claimed on the amended state reports for the specified reason that the taxpayers failed to file amended federal returns for the involved tax years. Taxpayers protested the denial of refunds pursuant to 68 O.S.1981, § 207 and 68 O.S.Supp.1988, § 2373. On January 29, 1989, an adjudicatory proceeding was had before a hearing officer of the Oklahoma Tax Commission. On September 28, 1989, the hearing officer submitted written findings and conclusions to the Oklahoma Tax Commission and recommended that the taxpayer protest and claim for refund be denied. On November 14, 1989, the Oklahoma Tax Commission, appellee (OTC), issued Order No. 89-11-14-011, denying taxpayers’ request for a hear [966] ing before the OTC en banc and adopting the Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations of the hearing officer. The Court of Appeals reversed Order No. 89 — 11—14— Oil and remanded the cause with directions to the OTC to refund the state income tax paid on the mineral proceeds which taxpayers repaid in 1987. Certiorari was previously granted to determine whether the findings and conclusions entered by the Oklahoma Tax Commission in Order No. 89-11-14-011 are supported by substantial evidence. The issue presented to the OTC was whether taxpayers’ federal “claim of right” constituted an adjustment by the federal government to the taxpayers’ adjusted gross income for the involved tax years.1 Our income tax statutes “piggy-back” the calculation of state personal income tax upon the federal tax calculation,2 hence, taxpayers’ finally ascertained federal adjusted gross income for tax years 1984, 1985 and 1986 is a critical fact to the issue presented before the OTC. Generally, federal deductions and exclusions allowed in calculating federal adjusted gross income are incorporated into our income tax law through the definitions of Oklahoma adjusted gross income and Oklahoma taxable income, while the federal tax rates, tax exemptions and tax credits are not included as part of our income tax law.3 Thus, where a taxpayer reduces federal adjusted gross income by a loss suffered in any particular tax year, such as the repayment herein, Oklahoma recognizes the deduction for that same tax year. If the deduction generates a net operating loss which is allowed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to be carried back as an adjustment to a prior year, then Oklahoma recognizes the federal adjustment for that same tax year. The hearing officer and the OTC found that the federal income tax returns for the prior tax years were not reopened and therefore concluded there was no recompu-tation of taxpayers federal adjusted gross income for those prior tax years upon the reporting of the 1987 repayment as authorized by 26 U.S.C. § 1341 (1976).4 Our research indicates that the federal “claim of right” statute recognizes several methods of calculating the amount of overpayment of taxes, which may include finally ascertaining the amount subject to taxation by the United States in a prior year. The federal “claim of right” statute, 26 U.S.C. § 1341 (1976), allows a taxpayer to recover overpayments of federal income taxes where previously reported income must be repaid. Under subsection (a), General rule., the amount of the overpayment of taxes may be calculated through an adjustment to arrive at taxable income for the tax year the money was repaid (repayment year) or through a credit adjustment to arrive at tax liability for the repayment year. The taxpayer must elect to reduce the adjusted gross income for the repayment tax year, § 1341(a)(4), or to reduce the tax liability for the repayment tax year, § 1341(a)(5). Where the taxpayer elects to calculate the overpayment prior to arriving at taxable income, subsection (b), Special rules., permits the taxpayer to further elect to adjust prior year income through a [967] carry-back deduction. It specifically provides that, where the deduction in (a)(4) results in a net operating loss for the repayment year, it may be carried back under § 172; and that, where the exclusion in (a)(5)(B) results in a net operating loss or capital loss for the prior tax years, for purposes of calculating the decrease in tax for the prior years, it may be carried back or carried over. Federal jurisprudence recognizes the right of a taxpayer to elect the method of calculating the amount of overpayment of taxes pursuant to § 1341.5 In United States v. Skelly Oil Company, the United States Supreme Court concluded that § 1341 does not, as a matter of law, adjust prior year income, but that it provides methods of tax calculation, not originally embodied in the “claim of right” doctrine, to avoid inequitable annual accounting limitations. Quoting Justice Brandéis in North American Oil Consolidated v. Burnet, 286 U.S. 417, 424, 52 S.Ct. 613, 615, 76 L.Ed. 1197, 1200, 1201 (1932), the United States Supreme Court explained the “claim of right” doctrine and § 1341: “If a taxpayer receives earnings under a claim of right and without restriction as to its disposition, he has received income which he is required to return, even though it may still be claimed that he is not entitled to retain the money, and even though he may still be adjudged liable to restore its equivalent.” Should it later appear that the taxpayer was not entitled to keep the money, Mr. Justice Brandéis explained, he would be entitled to a deduction in the year of repayment; the taxes due for the year of receipt would not be affected. ... Of course, the tax benefit from the deduction might differ from the increase in taxes attributable to the receipt; for example, tax rates might have changed, or the taxpayer might be in a different tax “bracket.” [Cite omitted.] But as the doctrine was originally formulated, these discrepancies were accepted as an unavoidable consequence of the annual accounting system. [2, 3] Section 1341 of the 1954 Code was enacted to alleviate some of the inequities which Congress felt existed ... As an alternative to the deduction in the year of repayment which prior law allowed, § 1341(a)(5) permits certain taxpayers to recompute their taxes for the year of receipt. Whenever § 1341(a)(5) applies, taxes for the current year are to be reduced by the amount taxes were increased in the year or years of receipt because the disputed items were included in gross income. [Emphasis added.] United States v. Skelly Oil Company, 394 U.S. 678, 680, 681, 89 S.Ct. 1379, 1381, 22 L.Ed.2d 642, 647 (1969). The above authorities stand for the proposition that a claim under § 1341 may recompute adjusted gross income for prior years in determining the amount of the tax overpayment claimed in a subsequent year.6 Thus, the validity of the finding by [968] the OTC that there is no recomputation of federal adjusted income for prior tax years by the IRS in determining the 1987 federal claim of overpayment of taxes depends on its evidentiary support. The appellate courts will review the entire record made before an administrative agency acting in its adjudicatory capacity to determine whether the findings and conclusions set forth in the agency order are supported by substantial evidence.7 An adjudicatory order will be affirmed on appeal if the record contains substantial evidence in support of the facts upon which the decision is based and the order is otherwise free of error.8 Upon thorough examination of the record, we find no evidence showing which method of calculation of the federal claim was finally accepted by the IRS; whether the IRS considered the 1987 return as opening the returns for the involved prior tax years; and, whether the IRS, in determining the 1987 claim, allowed the federal adjusted income for the involved prior tax years to be recomputed.9 The record is void of any evidence which supports the factual conclusions propounded by the Income Tax Division of the OTC, accepted by the hearing officer and adopted by the OTC, that the federal adjusted gross income for the involved tax years was not adjusted because the taxpayers did not file amended federal returns;10 that the federal income tax returns for the years in which the income was received by the taxpayer were not reopened; and, that the federal adjusted incomes for the years the income was received were not recomputed. On the other hand, the taxpayers’ evidence indicates that the taxpayers included two calculations of their federal tax claim, based upon the repayment of $365,204.29, in their 1987 federal return.11 The calculation labeled Method 2 appears to adjust the federal taxable income for the tax years [969] 1984, 1985, and 1986. The hearing officer concluded that the federal adjusted gross income attributable to the gas proceeds was not changed.12 This conclusion appears to be inconsistent with the taxpayers’ Method 2 calculation and the hearing officer’s finding that the taxpayers received refund of federal taxes paid attributable to the repaid gas proceeds in the amount of $153,900.00.13 Without substantial evidence establishing that taxpayers’ adjusted gross incomes for tax years 1984, 1985 and 1986, were not recomputed in the computation of the 1987 claim under 26 U.S.C. § 1341, Order No. 89-11-14-011 must be reversed and this cause must be remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. CERTIORARI PREVIOUSLY GRANTED. OPINION OP THE COURT OF APPEALS VACATED. ORDER OF THE OKLAHOMA TAX COMMISSION REVERSED. CAUSE REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS. OPALA, C.J., and LAVENDER, HARGRAVE, KAUGER and WATT, JJ„ concur. SIMMS, J., concurs in result. HODGES, V.C.J., and SUMMERS, J„ dissent. Footnotes [1] Record, page 189, Order, page 3. [2] 68 O.S.1991, § 2353. The federal/state "piggyback” system has been in effect in Oklahoma since enactment of the 1971 income tax code, pursuant to constitutional amendment in 1968. State Question No. 444, Legislative Referendum No. 160, adopted Aug. 27, 1968. The statutory definitions of "Oklahoma taxable income” and "Oklahoma adjusted gross income” mirror the constitutional language in Okla. Const., Art. 10, § 12, which provides that “the Legislature may ... define the amount ... by which any such tax or taxes are imposed or measured .,. by reference to any amount or amounts finally ascertained in determining amounts subject to taxation by the United States_” [Emphasis added.] [3] 68 O.S.1981, §§ 2352, et seq. now codified, as amended, at 68 O.S.1991, §§ 2352, et seq. [4] Record, page 193; Order, page 7, states: The federal claim of right doctrine provides for a credit of taxes in the year of repayment of the income by the taxpayer. The federal income tax return for the year in which the income was received by the taxpayer is not reopened. There is no recomputation of federal adjusted income for the year the income was received. 26 U.S.C. § 1341. [Emphasis added.] [5] United States v. Skelly Oil Company, 394 U.S. 678, 680, 681, 89 S.Ct. 1379, 1381, 22 L.Ed.2d 642, 647 (1969). [6] The OTC argues that § 1341 creates a federal tax credit, which is not incorporated into our state income tax laws by virtue of our “piggyback” system, and that the state income tax code does not have a parallel credit. The OTC does not cite any federal authority establishing § 1341 as a tax credit statute and our research has revealed none. However, in 26 U.S.C. § 6411(d), § 1341 is treated as authorizing a taxpayer to make application for a refund of prior overpayments, whether that refund is manifested as a credit against taxes due and owing or as an actual tax refund. Section 6411(d) states, in part: (1) Application. — A taxpayer may file an application for a tentative refund of any amount treated as an overpayment of tax for the taxable year under section 1341(b)(1). Such application shall be in such manner and form as the Secretary may prescribe by regulation ... (2) Allowance of adjustments. — Within a period of 90 days from the date on which the application is filed under paragraph (1) or from the date of the overpayment (determined under 1341(b)(1), whichever is later, the Secretary shall— (A) review the application, (B) determine the amount of the overpayment, and (c) apply, credit, or refund such overpayment, .... [7] State v. Oklahoma State Board for Property and Casualty Rates, 731 P.2d 394, 404 (Okla.1986) and Suglove v. Oklahoma Tax Commission, 605 P.2d 1315, 1318 (Okla.1980). [8] Baumgardner v. State ex rel. Department of Human Services, 789 P.2d 235, 236 (Okla.1990); and Tulsa Area Hospital Council, Inc. v. Oral Roberts University, 626 P.2d 316, 320 (Okla.1981). See also, Snider v. Board of Trustees for the Oklahoma Police Pension and Retirement Board, 782 P.2d 911 (Okla.1989); Oklahoma Park, Inc. v. Oklahoma Horse Racing Commission, 716 P.2d 666 (Okla.1986); and, Humana Hospital Corporation, Inc. v. Oklahoma Health Planning Commission, 705 P.2d 175 (Okla.1985). [9] The evidence in this cause consists of seventeen exhibits that were offered by the taxpayers without objection and admitted at the hearing before the hearing officer. These exhibits include state and federal tax returns for tax years 1984 through 1987; letters claiming refunds of income taxes and denying the claims; the protest (pleading initiating the adjudicatory process) and position letters (briefs submitted by counsel during the adjudicatory protest proceeding); and, letters relating to the procedural aspects of the adjudicatory proceeding. The OTC denied taxpayers request for hearing before the three Commissioners, thus the protest was decided upon the taxpayers' documentary evidence. The Income Tax Division presented no evidence which would support its conclusion that federal adjusted gross incomes for prior years were not finally ascertained by the 1987 claim. Explanation of the taxpayers’ state and federal tax calculations and the effect of the application of the policies of the state and federal agencies (OTC and IRS), whether presented by oral or written testimony of staff experienced in the area, is invaluable in the administrative adjudication of tax protests. The experience and working knowledge of an agency is the foundational reason for administrative adjudication in advance of judicial intervention. Ledbetter v. Alcoholic Beverage Laws Enforcement Commission, 764 P.2d 172, 180-181 (Okla.1988). The substantial evidence requirement in administrative law is grounded in the concept of agency expertise, as is the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies. In the absence of evidence to support the findings and conclusions of the OTC, the dissent would have this Court make findings of fact from the face of taxpayers’ 1987 federal return. This Court must reverse and remand for further proceedings if the agency findings and conclusions are defective. Baumgardner v. Department of Human Services, 789 P.2d 235, 239 (Okla.1990). It is the role of the trial court or adjudicatory agency to find the facts. Matter of the Estate of Crowl, 737 P.2d 911, 914 (Okla.1987). [10] Record, pages 47 and 87. [11] Record, pages 141-144. [12] Record, pages 192-193, Order, pages 6-7; and, Record, page 193, Order, page 7. [13] Record, page 188, Order, page 2.