State ex rel. Department of Corrections v. Peña

Justice LOHR delivered the Opinion of the Court. This case arises as a result of the difficulties encountered at both the state and county levels due to a lack of available prison space for the housing of state-sentenced prisoners, the General Assembly’s attempt to compensate any county or city and county for the expense of housing state prisoners, and the refusal of the City and County of Denver (Denver) to accept “technical” parole violators from the State. I The relevant facts are undisputed. In 1985, the General Assembly sought to provide partial reimbursement to any county or city and county housing state-sentenced prisoners pending transfer to state correctional facilities. To that end, the legislature passed section 17-1-112(1), 8A C.R.S. (1986) (the prison reimbursement statute), which provided that subject to appropriations, the Colorado Department of Corrections (DOC) would pay any county or city and county $16 per day per prisoner, subject to certain limitations not relevant here.1 At the same time, the General Assembly appropriated for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1985, an additional $886,950 to the DOC for it to carry out its duties under article 1 of title 17, Colorado Revised Statutes. See ch. 340, sec. 2, 1985 Colo. Sess.Laws 1339, 1339-40. Denver, which was then housing state prisoners, billed the DOC for payments under the prison reimbursement statute and continued to do so at all times relevant to this dispute. However, the DOC ceased making payments to Denver, even though money originally appropriated by the General Assembly for such payments was still available. Finally, on April 16, 1986, the General Assembly amended its previous appropriation of $886,950 by reducing it to $216,928, thereby “disappropriating” $670,-022 in unspent funds which would otherwise have been available to the DOC to compensate counties such as Denver for the housing of state prisoners.2 See ch. 7, sec. 2, 1986 Colo.Sess.Laws 155, 160. [807] At the same time, the problem of prison overcrowding was increasing. Both the DOC and Denver were struggling to meet the demands for housing the increasing numbers of offenders, but with inadequate resources to do so. Due to the DOC's inability to house all offenders sentenced to its facilities, state prisoners remained in county jails following sentencing until the DOC was capable of housing them in the state prison system.3 This placed added strains on the Denver County Jail. Consequently, Denver initiated a policy whereby it refused to accept “technical” parole violators4 brought to it for temporary housing.5 On May 1, 1986, parolee William Espinoza was arrested by two parole officers in Denver and transported to the prearraignment detention facility at the Denver County Jail. The facility refused to accept him, asserting that Espinoza was a technical parole violator and that due to a new Denver policy, such offenders would no longer be accepted by the Denver County Jail. The next day, the DOC filed a petition in Denver District Court to compel Denver to accept accused parole violators pending revocation proceedings. On May 14, 1986, Denver counterclaimed, seeking $16 per day pursuant to the prison reimbursement statute for each state prisoner housed in the Denver County Jail.6 [808] On September 28, 1987, the trial court entered an order that required the DOC to remove all state prisoners from the Denver County Jail and that prohibited further backlogging of state prisoners at thav facility. Those rulings were not appealed. The trial court additionally held that (1) Denver was not obligated to accept technical parole violators and (2) Denver was entitled to a judgment in the amount of $835,136 as compensation for housing state-sentenced prisoners pursuant to the prison reimbursement statute.7 On October 19, 1987, the trial court stayed the enforcement of that judgment pending appellate review. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court, State ex rel. Dep’t of Corrections v. Peña, 837 P.2d 210, 213 (Colo.App.1992), and we granted certiorari to decide the following issues: Whether the court of appeals erred in affirming the district court’s judgment against the state department of corrections in favor of the city of Denver in the amount of $835,136. Whether the court of appeals erred in affirming the district court’s ruling that the Denver County Jail is not required to receive alleged parole violators who are awaiting revocation hearings. II We first address the question of whether it was error to enter judgment in the amount of $835,136 in favor of Denver based on the prison reimbursement statute. In answering this question, two distinct issues are raised. The first is essentially an issue of judicial power — whether a trial court has the authority to enter a judgment against the state in the absence of an appropriation by the General Assembly to satisfy that judgment. The second concerns whether the court of appeals and the trial court properly relied on the prison reimbursement statute in awarding a judgment in favor of Denver. We address each issue in turn. A The DOC argues that since the money originally appropriated for payments under the prison reimbursement statute had been disappropriated prior to the trial court’s ruling, the court lacked the power to enter a judgment pursuant to that statute. The basis of this argument is that the General Assembly has the absolute power over appropriations, subject only to constitutional limits, see Colorado General Assembly v. Lamm, 700 P.2d 508, 519 (Colo.1985), and that the judicial branch can neither order an agency to make expenditures nor order the General Assembly to make funds available for a particular purpose. The DOC concludes that because there were no funds appropriated to satisfy the judgment entered in favor of Denver at the time the trial court entered that judgment, the judgment cannot stand, as it violates the principle of separation of powers set forth in article III of the Colorado Constitution.8 The court of appeals rejected the DOC’s argument, concluding that the considerations raised by the DOC “concern[] collection of the judgment, rather than merely its imposition.” Peña, 837 P.2d at 212. Accordingly, the court of appeals af [809] firmed the trial court’s ruling, holding that Denver was entitled to a judgment for housing state prisoners at the rate of $16 per day per prisoner irrespective of whether the General Assembly had made the funds available to satisfy this award. We agree with the court of appeals that the concerns raised by the DOC are relevant to the question of the satisfaction of the judgment entered in favor of Denver, and not the trial court’s power to enter such a judgment. In Goebel v. Colorado Department of Institutions, 764 P.2d 785 (Colo.1988), we addressed the question of whether a class action suit that challenged the adequacy of the mental health care provided by the Colorado Department of Institutions and the Denver Department of Health and Hospitals was properly dismissed by the trial court. The State contended that “had the trial court ordered the implementation of the remedial plan, its intervention in a resource allocation decision would have violated the separation of powers doctrine.” Id. at 799. We rejected the State’s separation of powers argument and stated: After the trial court approved the defendants’ plan, it could have directed them to implement it until the appropriated funds ran out. The defendants then would have had the obligation to bring to the legislature’s attention the inadequacy of the funding to satisfy the plaintiffs’ rights. To the extent that the required services could not be provided in some manner not requiring additional funding, and to the extent that the necessary appropriations to provide the required services were not forthcoming, the court would not be able to order and implement full relief. Id. at 801 (citation omitted) (emphasis added). Thus, we clearly indicated that a court has the power to enter a judgment that in order to be fully implemented might require an additional appropriation by the General Assembly. We noted, however, that in such a case the defendants would be required to request the necessary appropriation, and that if such funds were not made available, “the court would not be able to order and implement full relief,” id., because it would be prohibited from ordering an appropriation by the General Assembly. See Colorado General Assembly, 700 P.2d at 519-20. In short, Goebel stands for precisely the proposition that the court of appeals relied on in affirming the judgment of the trial court: The separation of powers argument advanced by the DOC goes to the collection, and not to the entry, of the judgment. Consequently, we hold that it was not error for the trial court to enter a judgment against the DOC that in order to be fully implemented would require an additional appropriation by the General Assembly, which the trial court would be powerless to order. B Having determined that the trial court had the power to enter judgment against the DOC and in favor of Denver, we turn to the question of whether the trial court properly applied the prison reimbursement statute as the basis for that judgment. The prison reimbursement statute provides: Subject to appropriations, the department [of corrections] shall reimburse any county or city and county, in an amount of sixteen dollars per day to maintain a prisoner in a jail of the county or city and county, for the expenses incurred by that county or city and county in the confinement and maintenance of any person who is sentenced to a term of imprisonment in a [state] correctional facility and who is confined in a local jail. Such reimbursement shall be for each day following seventy-two hours after such sentence but prior to the transmittal of the qualified person to a [state] correctional facility. § 17-1-112(1), 8A C.R.S. (1986) (emphasis added). Although on its face this statute appears to create an unqualified legal right on the part of certain local governments to receive compensation for the housing of state prisoners, the State argues that the effect of the phrase “[s]ubject to appropriations” is to make that legal obligation con [810] tingent upon an appropriation and thereafter continually contingent upon the decision of the General Assembly not to disappro-priate previously appropriated funds. In other words, according to the State, as soon as the General Assembly disappropri-ated the relevant funds in this case, the State was no longer legally obligated to compensate local governments for the housing of state prisoners either before or after the date of that disappropriation. We initially observe that in ordinary language there is nothing in the phrase “[sjubjeet to appropriations,” § 17-1-112(1), to suggest that it limits a legal right rather than a practical remedy. In addition, if the General Assembly had intended under certain circumstances to limit the legal right of local governments to reimbursement for the housing of state prisoners, and thereby to transfer to local governments more of the cost of housing various state prisoners, the General Assembly had absolutely no need to equivocate. This is so because as the State itself correctly points out to us in its brief the General Assembly has the power to compel a county to perform services for the State at the county’s expense. See Colorado State Bd. of Social Servs. v. Billings, 175 Colo. 380, 384, 487 P.2d 1110, 1112 (1971); People ex rel. Hershey v. McNichols, 91 Colo. 141, 146-49, 13 P.2d 266, 268-69 (1932). Hence, insofar as the phrase “[sjubjeet to appropriations” means anything in section 17-1-112(1),9 its most likely function is to make explicit the intent of the General Assembly that satisfaction of obligations to local governments for housing state prisoners would be dependent on future appropriations. This interpretation of the phrase “[s]ub-ject to appropriations” is also required by our analysis of an essentially similar phrase in Goebel, 764 P.2d at 788-801. In part IIB(2) of Goebel, we interpreted certain provisions of the Colorado Act for the Care and Treatment of the Mentally Ill, §§ 27-10-101 to -127, 11 C.R.S. (1982 & 1986 Supp.) (Care and Treatment Act). See Goebel, 764 P.2d at 788, 798-801. The Care and Treatment Act provided that its purposes were “subject to available appropriations,” § 27-10-101 (emphasis added), and in particular that: Any person receiving evaluation or treatment under any of the provisions of this article is entitled to medical and psychiatric care and treatment ... suited to meet his individual needs, and delivered in such a way as to keep him in the least restrictive environment subject to available appropriations. Ch. 210, sec. 4, § 27-10-116(1)(a), 1986 Colo.Sess.Laws 1010, 1011 (emphasis added). An important issue in part IIB(2) of Goebel was whether persons had a right under section 27-10-116(1)(a) to medical and psychiatric care and treatment absent available appropriations for that care and treatment. See Goebel, 764 P.2d at 800-01. We held that the phrase “subject to available appropriations,” although it was newly added to numerous provisions of the Care and Treatment Act by a recent and specific amendment, see ch. 210, secs. 1-4, §§ 27-10-101, -107, -109, -116, 1986 Colo.Sess. Laws 1010, 1010-11 (Senate Bill 120), did not affect the substantive right to medical and psychiatric care and treatment granted to persons by section 27-10-116(1)(a). Goebel, 764 P.2d at 800-01. Specifically, we held that [i]t is only the implementation of the right [to care and treatment] that is made subject to available appropriations .... Senate Bill 120 does not limit the substantive rights provided under the Care and Treatment Act, but does explicitly restrict the remedies available for the fulfillment of those rights. Id. at 801 (citations omitted). Accordingly, we acknowledged that to the extent services required under section 27-10-116(1)(a) could not be provided without an additional appropriation, and to the extent such an appropriation was not forthcoming, a “court would not be able to order and implement full relief [under section 27-10-116(1)(a)J.” Id. Nevertheless, we also [811] held that those responsible for administering the Care and Treatment Act would have “the obligation to bring to the legislature’s attention the inadequacy of the funding,” id., the State would still have a duty under section 27-10-116(l)(a) to provide such services, and the failure to do so would constitute a violation of the Care and Treatment Act. We perceive no relevant important difference between the statutory structures in question in Goebel and in this case.10 Therefore, following Goebel, as well as adopting the most natural reading of the prison reimbursement statute, we hold that Denver had the right under section 17-1-112(1) to receive reimbursement from the DOC for expenses that it incurred for the housing of state prisoners both before and after the April 16, 1986, disap-propriation. More specifically, we hold that the addition of the phrase “[s]ubject to appropriations” in section 17-1-112(1) did not affect the substantive right of local governments such as Denver to receive reimbursement for the housing of state prisoners. Rather, only the implementation of Denver’s right was made subject to available appropriations. Furthermore, we hold that to the extent appropriations necessary to cover the expenses incurred by the DOC under section 17-1-112(1) are not forthcoming, a “court [will] not be able to order and implement full relief.” Goebel, 764 P.2d at 801. Nevertheless, the DOC would have “the obligation to bring to the legislature’s attention the inadequacy of the funding,” id., the State would still have a duty under section 17-1-112(1) to pay for the housing of state prisoners, and the failure to do so would constitute a violation of section 17-1-112(1).11 Ill The court of appeals next held that the trial court correctly determined that the Denver County Jail was not required to accept technical parole violators pending revocation hearings. The DOC first argues that this ruling is contrary to the purpose of section 17-2-103(l)(e), 8A C.R.S. (1986). That section provides the authority for a parole officer to arrest a parolee for any violation of the conditions of parole.12 We agree with the [812] DOC that the authority conferred is broad. We cannot accept the DOC’s argument, however, that this section defines a county’s or city and county’s obligation to accept technical parole violators, because it says nothing about the obligations imposed on any county or city and county with respect to those parole violators. Consequently, we disagree with the DOC that section 17-2-103(l)(e) supports a conclusion different from that reached by the court of appeals and the trial court. The DOC also argues that the plain language of section 17-2-103(4)(a), 8A C.R.S. (1986), mandates that a county or city and county accept all alleged parole violators who are arrested. That section provides that if a parolee is arrested “the parolee shall be held in a county jail pending action by the parole officer_” The DOC argues in its opening brief that this section was intended by the General Assembly to enable a parole officer to “deliver any alleged parole violator to whichever county jail is most convenient under the circumstances and that the jail lacks discretion to refuse to hold the prisoner pending further parole proceedings.” Although we agree with the DOC that a parole officer has both the right to arrest a parole violator and the right to take that parolee to a county jail for detention, we do not agree that these rights entail a corresponding duty on the part of those jails to accept, without any discretion whatsoever, such parolees. To the contrary, the statutory authority relied on by the DOC is simply silent on the question of a county’s obligation to accept parolees pending a revocation hearing, and we decline to read into it an absolute duty to accept parolees. The DOC maintains, however, that recognizing the right to detain parole violators in a county jail without recognizing a corresponding duty on the part of every county jail to accept them would lead to irrational and absurd results. The DOC posits the possibility that all county jails could simultaneously refuse to accept parole violators and thus a parole officer would have no place to take a parole offender for detention. While such a development would obviously be undesirable, we have no way of assessing the likelihood of such an occurrence.13 In contrast to this hypothetical problem presented by the DOC, there was a very real problem of overcrowding at the Denver County Jail.14 Consequently, there was [813] a very real possibility that if Denver were required to accept any parole violator tendered to it — irrespective of the gravity of the offense committed and, more importantly, without regard for its ability safely to accommodate such an offender — it could have been forced to release certain offenders properly incarcerated so as to make the space necessary to accept any parolee tendered to it. Denver would have been forced to choose which detainees to release in order to accommodate the alleged technical parole violators, and the anomalous consequence could have been that prisoners who posed a much greater threat,to public safety would have been required to be released. Alternatively, if a county jail in an overcrowded situation like the one that existed in Denver has no discretion in accepting technical parole violators, and that jail declines to release those already held in custody, the result could be that the safety, health, and morale problems attendant upon severe overcrowding would become so intolerable that the jail simply would become uninhabitable. Either way, the Denver County Jail found itself in a position analogous to the situation at issue in State Bd. of Corrections v. City and County of Denver, 61 Colo. 266, 156 P. 1100 (1916). In State Bd. of Corrections, Denver brought a mandamus action against the Colorado Board of Corrections, seeking to compel the authorities at the State Asylum for the Insane to receive and care for certain persons designated as insane. The Board defended on the ground that those patients could not be accommodated at the state hospital due to overcrowding. We held that in spite of a court order committing the patients to the asylum, id. at 280, 156 P. at 1104, the asylum was justified in refusing to accept those persons it was incapable of properly housing. We stated: The law does not require that which is impossible.... It cannot reasonably be said that the legislature intended to confer upon courts the arbitrary power to compel the admission of patients to such an institution, without capacity to receive them, or without the means to care for them, regardless of the welfare of the inmates in the institution, or those sought to be admitted. If the buildings and equipment of the asylum were to be burned, the power of the courts, would still exist, and ... the superintendent would be compelled to receive additional patients, notwithstanding there was no place for them; or that the twelve hundred so deprived of shelter and care, were without place to lay their heads. Id., at 280-81, 156 P. at 1104. While State Bd. of Corrections might be distinguishable from the present case on any number of grounds, its reasoning provides further support for our refusal to impose a duty on counties to accept, without any discretion whatsoever, all parole violators tendered to them. Thus, in light of the absence of any statutorily mandated requirement that every county jail accept every parole violator tendered to it by the DOC, and the practical difficulties inherent in so requiring, we hold that the court of appeals properly concluded that the Denver County Jail had no obligation to accept every technical parole violator brought to it.15 IY For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals. ROVIRA, C.J., concurs in part and dissents in part, and VOLLACK, J., joins in the concurrence and dissent. Footnotes [1] The prison reimbursement statute has since been amended three times. First, it was amended to increase the amount of compensation to be paid by the DOC from the original $16 to $40. See ch. 124, sec. 9, § 17-1-112(1), 1988 Colo. Sess.Laws 707, 710. Then it was amended to permit the DOC to contract with local authorities, subject to available appropriations, to compensate them for the housing of state prisoners at a rate not to exceed $60 per day per prisoner. See ch. 3, sec. 4, § 17-1-112(1), 1989 Colo.Sess. Laws 18, 20 (1st Ex.Sess.). Finally, the prison reimbursement statute was amended to provide that subject to appropriations the DOC shall reimburse any county or city and county in an amount equal to the sum of “[t]he audited expense for such local jail multiplied by the number of days of confinement of such state prisoner in such local jail ... and ... [a]ny extraordinary costs incurred in confining and maintaining such state prisoner in such local jail." See § 17-1-112(l)(a) & (b), 8A C.R.S. (1992 Supp.). None of these amendments applies to this controversy. [2] The director of the Division of Management and Development for the DOC stated in an affidavit that the DOC stopped making payments to [807] counties for the housing of state prisoners on December 20, 1985, and that prior to that time a total of $216,928 was "expended to county jails.” An assistant director of that same division testified that out of this total of $216,928, Denver received $7,392. The April 16, 1986, disappropriation of funds for the reimbursement of county jails was apparently the result of events that began in October of 1985 when a revenue shortfall for the fiscal year 1985-86 was projected. Specifically, because of the anticipated shortfall, the Governor issued an October 2, 1985, Executive Order that directed the State Controller to restrict 2% of the general fund appropriation of each department of the state and to place these funds in a restricted reserve account. The Office of State Planning and Budgeting later suggested to the Governor as one of several options that up to $470,000 remaining to fund the prison reimbursement statute be transferred to the reserve account. Finally, the General Assembly decided to disappropriate the $670,022 in unspent funds originally appropriated for the compensation of county jails. We further note that the DOC, which is an executive department, and the General Assembly, in which the legislative power of this state is vested, Colo. Const, art. V, § 1, are not adversaries in this proceeding, and the power of the General Assembly to "disappropriate" funds previously appropriated and under the control of the executive is not an issue upon which we granted certiorari in this case. Whether funds once appropriated can be disappropriated or whether instead they come irrevocably under the control of the executive on initial appropriation, see Anderson v. Lamm, 195 Colo. 437, 442, 579 P.2d 620, 623 (1978); People ex rel. State Hospital v. Armstrong, 104 Colo. 238, 244, 90 P.2d 522, 525 (1939), is therefore a question on which we express no opinion. [3] The record reflects that the average length of stay for such prisoners in county jails was 8 to 12 weeks. [4] Denver classified technical parole violators as those not charged with additional criminal activity, but who violated certain conditions of their parole, such as failing to report to their parole officer or failing to obtain approval for a change of residence. [5] At a hearing on the State’s request for a temporary restraining order that would require the Denver County Jail to accept technical parole violators brought to it for temporary housing, the trial court found that the Denver County Jail was rated to provide safe housing for 600 to 650 inmates, but it was holding over 1,000 prisoners. The trial court also found that “overcrowding at the Denver County Jail ... ha[d] created a dangerous and explosive atmosphere.” Eleven months later, after a hearing on Denver’s request for a preliminary injunction to require the DOC to remove state prisoners from the Denver County Jail, the trial court found that ”[t]he facts of this case are not new. Indeed, they seem to vary from the facts presented eleven months ago ... in degree only.” The trial court then recounted testimony that in light of overcrowded conditions, the Denver County Jail was lucky that during the previous summer months there was no riot. The court concluded: There is no obligation [on the part of Denver] to show that there was a riot last week or last summer. The only obligation is to show that there is a danger of real and immediate irreparable injury [if the court does not grant the preliminary injunction], and the Court finds that there is that danger.... [6] On April 14, 1987, Denver filed a second amended counterclaim in which it asserted for the first time under a theory of quantum meruit a claim for the value of its care and custody of state prisoners. The trial court rejected Denver’s quantum meruit claim and relied solely on the prison reimbursement statute to support the [808] judgment under review, and the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the denial of quantum meruit relief. State ex rel. Dep't of Corrections v. Peña, 837 P.2d 210, 213 (Colo.App.1992). Denver did not seek certiorari review of that part of the court of appeals' judgment. Because the quantum meruit claim is not before this court, we express no opinion regarding it. [7] This judgment was based on the statutory rate of $ 16 per day per prisoner for Denver's housing of state-sentenced prisoners and parolees from July of 1985 through July of 1987. During that time, the actual cost per day to house an inmate at the Denver County Jail was $49. [8] Article III of the Colorado Constitution provides: The powers of the government of this state are divided into three distinct departments,— the legislative, executive and judicial; and no person or collection of persons charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others, except as in this constitution expressly directed or permitted. [9] A court in interpreting a statute must strive to avoid a construction that renders any word superfluous. E.g., Cherry Hills Resort Dev. Co. v. City of Cherry Hills Village, 790 P.2d 827, 830 (Colo.1990); Colorado General Assembly, 700 P.2d at 517. [10] The "subject to available appropriations” language at issue in Goebel was added to the Care and Treatment Act by amendment rather than being included in the statute as originally enacted. In contrast, the prison reimbursement statute included the "[s]ubject to appropriations” phrase when the statute was originally enacted. If it were generally the case that the very same language that is insufficient to affect a substantive legal right when it is added by specific amendment is sufficient to prevent the creation of that legal right when it is inserted from the beginning, then our analysis of "subject to available appropriations” in Goebel would probably not control our analysis of "[s]ubject to appropriations” in this case. However, we are aware of no authority for the proposition that the same language that is insufficient to affect a substantive legal right when it is added by specific amendment is sufficient to prevent the creation of that legal right when it is inserted from the beginning, and it can hardly be said that this proposition is self-evident. We therefore read Goebel as direct authority for the result reached in this part IIB despite the fact that "[sjubject to appropriations" appeared in the prison reimbursement statute as originally enacted. [11] Although it is unnecessary to resort to legislative history to divine the meaning of the prison reimbursement statute, we note that our interpretation of its accords with its legislative history. Specifically, in a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Senator Wells expressed the following concern regarding the prison reimbursement statute: "I guess what I don’t want to see is when we run out of [monies appropriated] having Pueblo County then sue us [the General Assembly] for its $16 per day for each day thereafter saying it has statutory authority saying we're entitled to it, thereby we have to appropriate it to cover it" (emphasis added). This indicates that Senator Wells’ concern was the ability of a local government to prevail in a lawsuit, thereby forcing the General Assembly to make an appropriation. By following Goe-bel’s interpretation of "subject to available appropriations,” this concern is effectively satisfied because Goebel makes it clear that although the phrase “subject to available appropriations" does not limit substantive rights, it "does explicitly restrict the remedies available for the fulfillment of those rights.” Goebel, 764 P.2d at 801. [12] § 17 — 2—103(l)(e) provides: (1) The director of the division of adult services, an assistant director, or any parole officer may arrest any parolee when: [[Image here]] (e) He has probable cause to believe that the parolee has violated a condition of his [812] parole or probable cause to believe that the parolee is leaving or about to leave the state, or that the parolee will fail or refuse to appear before the board to answer charges of violations of one or more conditions of parole, or that the arrest of the parolee is necessary to prevent physical harm to the parolee or another person or to prevent the commission of a crime. [13] At the hearing on the State’s request for a temporary restraining order, the trial court found that in the five months preceding the State’s filing of this lawsuit, only "some eight cases of parole violations involving so-called technical or pure parole violations have occurred.” The trial court also found that during this time "other jails in the metro area[, such as the Adams County Jail, were] available to take those types of prisoners [i.e., technical parole violators] without resulting in an overcrowding of these other county jails.” The trial court concluded ”[s]o we are not talking about a great hardship on the part of the State of Colorado.” [14] While this case was being tried in September of 1987, and as part of the evidence that it received, the trial court personally viewed the Denver County Jail. The trial court recounted that view as follows: The Court was advised during that view that what it was seeing was the day-to-day operation of that facility and was advised that the number of 1,240 that had been testified to the day before was perhaps 1,247 inmates that were actually at the county jail when the Court was there. The Court’s observations included that prisoners at the Denver County Jail are bunked everywhere. What formerly were day rooms, where prisoners could get away from the sleeping area, no longer exists because those day rooms are now filled with bunks. And when I say “bunks,” I’m not indicating single, I mean double bunks. Old office space, which had been used for a period of time as offices, do not exist anymore because they are now full of bunks. In the more secure parts of the Denver County Jail, the Court observed that there were two men per cell. Those cells were six feet by nine feet; 54 square feet, 27 square feet per man. [[Image here]] The problems at the Denver County Jail are evident. Physically, the Denver County Jail, [813] if it continues to grow at the rate it has grown since April, in terms of population, will soon be out of space. Not out of secure space, not out of cells, out of space period. The jail, in short, is full. See also supra note 5. [15] We decide only the question of a county’s obligation to accept technical parole violators (as defined by Denver, see supra note 4), and express no opinion regarding the duty, if any, to accept other state-sentenced prisoners for incarceration.