Bloomingdale v. B. M. Du Rell & Co.

McBeide, C. J., delivered tbe opinion of tbe court, Smith, J., and Kelly, J., concurring. This was an action brought against B. M. Du Eell & Co., wbo were charged in tbe complaint to be a firm composed of three defendants, to wit, B. M. Du Eell, William B. Hughes, and Edward Webb, to recover damages for injuries done to goods placed in possession of tbe defendants, wbo are alleged to be common carriers, for tbe purpose of transportation from tbe town of Umatilla, Oregon, to Idaho Citj, in tbe territory of Idaho. Tbe complaint is in tbe usual form, and tbe summons and complaint were duly served on all tbe defendants. At tbe February term of tbe district court, tbe defendants appeared and answered, denying that one of tbe defendants, Webb, was a partner in tbe fast freight line, or bad anything to do with tbe transportation business of Du Eell & Co. They proceed then to deny that tbe goods were delivered as stated in tbe complaint, and alleged, for a special defense, that they, to wit, tbe firm of Du Eell & Go., did receive certain goods of tbe plaintiff at tbe time and place charged, for transportation to Idaho City for plaintiff, that tbe goods .were transported to that point, and by tbe agent of tbe de.fendants delivered to tbe plaintiffs, wbo receipted for them in good order without objection, and that no damage to said goods was known to defendants at tbe time of tbe delivery, or claimed by plaintiffs. Upon this answer tbe issue was tried in the court below. It appears, however, that when tbe case was called for trial, or at some other time, precisely when does not appear, tbe defendants asked leave to and were permitted to strike out of their answer certain portions which went to explain bow tbe damage done to tbe goods occurred, and to show that tbe same was done by tbe action of tbe elements, and not by their neglect. No replication to tbe new matter set up being required by our statute, tbe case was beard and de — 35 — cided on the issue made in the complaint and answer. The latitude which this practice gives to litigants on a trial is well illustrated in this case, and we think shows the baneful effect of the repeal of that clause of the practice act which provides for a replication in proper cases. Such a pleading in this case would probably have narrowed the issue on the trial to one or two points, whereas the parties now are contending in this court that the issue embraced almost every fact alleged in the complaint. The testimony showed that the defendants brought on their freight line in the month of November, 1865, which was owned by the defendants, Du Bell and Hughes only, from Umatilla, Oregon, to Idaho City, six thousand five hundred cigars and delivered them to plaintiffs; that when they arrived they were very wet and in anything but a merchantable condition; that they were received by the plaintiffs without objection, and taken away; that as soon as they were opened by plaintiffs, the agent of defendants was notified that they were damaged, and came and examined them. The agent told the plaintiffs that he was informed by the driver on the freight line that the goods had been unloaded in the snow and might have got wet at that time. The agent refused to receive the goods back on the application of the plaintiffs. The course of business at the office of the freight line seems by the testimony to have been for consignors to. receipt for their goods in good order on the company’s books, or open them in their presence if damaged, or take them away under protest. Proof was also given to show the extent of the damage and the difference between the value of the goods as received and a good article. The court below — a jury being waived — found a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs for four hundred and fifty-five dollars damages, and rendered a judgment for that amount, and costs, against the defendants, who moved thereupon for arrest of judgment and a new trial, which being overruled the defendants appeal to this court. The errors assigned are: 1. That this was a joint action against the defendants, Du Bell, Hughes, and Webb, as composing the partnership — 36 — firm of Du Kell & Co.; that the jugdment is against Du Kell and Hughes, and therefore variant from the complaint and erroneous. 2. That the evidence showing that the goods were receipted for in good order and carried away by the plaintiffs without objection precluded them from afterwards claiming damages, and that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the findings of the court. The facts in this case show that the defendants are common carriers; that they were engaged in the business of freighting generally between the points named in the complaint, and are subject to all the responsibilities and liabilities of persons engaged in that business. The legal liability of the defendants to pay damages, if the facts supported the complaint, seems not to have been seriously questioned either in the district court or on the hearing, and this relieves us of any labor in showing the application of the law of common carriers to the facts of this case. The first question for decision is the one raised as to parties. This suit was brought against the defendants, Du Kell, Hughes, and Webb. In the answer on file, which is sworn to by one Brown as agent of the defendants, Webb is declared to have no interest in the fast freight line, nor in the partnership which owns it, and the evidence set out in the statement fully sustains that averment. This being shown, the question recurs whether if the plaintiffs show that the facts set up as to Du Kell, Hughes, and Webb are true only as to the two first, can they have a judgment in accordance with the facts as they are developed at the trial? The rule that joint contractors must be sued at the same time has its origin in a purpose' of the law to protect the rights of such persons in their relations with each other. If all contract together, it is but fair that all should be called upon for fulfillment of the contract, that the burden may • be placed upon them at the same time, that perfect equality at least of liability may be preserved. The primary reason for this is, that a joint contract presupposes joint resource for its discharge, and although this does not affect the personal liability of each one, the equity — 37 — of the transaction would imply that they should be first resorted to, and in order that this may be done, the law provides that joint contractors, if known, shall be sued simultaneously, and if the plaintiff fails to join one who is a proper party the defendant may plead it in defense. If in this case the defendant Webb had been a proper party, but the plaintiff had failed to bring him in, the defendants who were brought in might have urged that defense to the action, and compelled the plaintiff to make all the parties with whom he contracted liable, or defeat his recovery against any, and for the good reason that to allow a recovery against two when the burden was by the contract imposed on three, would change the contract and increase the burden of those sued. But the reason for this rule ceases to apply in a case like the present. If Du Bell and Hughes really made the contract with plaintiffs, and are bound to pay them damages on a proper showing against them, then while a joinder of Webb might well be complained of by him, it could furnish no ground of complaint to these defendants. It would not change their liability nor increase its burdens. They remain as they were before. There is this well-recognized distinction since the code, between the effect of non-joinder of parties defendant, and a misjoinder. While in New York the judges (as in the ease of Bridge v. Payson, referred to in Yan Santvoord on Pleading, vol. 1, p. 161) all held that the rule of the common law in case of a non-joinder of defendants had not been changed by the code, yet it was held that whenever a plaintiff establishes a cause of action against one or more of the defendants in an action for a tort or on contract, and it appears in-the latter case that the other defendants were not joint contractors or jointly liable, he is entitled to a judgment against those against whom he established his cause of action; so held in an action upon a joint and several bond executed by the defendants to the people under the excise law (People v. Crane, 8 How. 151; Bonstead v. Vanderbilt, 21 Barb. 26), and making a clear distinction between the effect of a non-joinder and a misjoinder of parties defendant. A defect in — 38 — tbe former would defeat a plaintiff’s right to recover, both at common law and under the code; tbe latter would be fatal at common law, but not so under tbe code. (Van Santvoord Pl., vol. 1, p. 161.) Tbe case of Rowe v. Chandler, cited by tbe appellants in tbe argument, does not go tbe length of this case, but tbe spirit of tbe reasoning of tbe learned judge in that case is in entire accord with our own conclusions. We can not conceive that any hardship would result from this rule. In this case, tbe defendants made their plea in abatement as to Webb, and bad tbe benefit of a full bearing on tbe merits of their own defense, and we do not understand that there is'any pretense that it would or could have been different on tbe merits if this suit bad been against tbe appellants alone. Their answer must have been precisely tbe same, and having once tided their real case on an issue made by themselves, we do not perceive tbe justice or tbe legality of granting them the privilege a second time. They, in fact, come into court insisting that they two are tbe only persons liable, if any liability exists, to plaintiffs, and when tbe court tabes them at their word and tries tbe case on tbe showing they make, turn about and complain because judgment is entered in harmony with their own pleading. This is, we think, scarcely accordant with that spirit of justice which tbe courts should be solicitous always to follow. 3. Tbe next ground of error assigned is that the evidence was insufficient to justify tbe findings of tbe court below. This question is to be determined in a great measure by tbe effect which is to be given to tbe pleadings. Tbe defendants undoubtedly intended to put tbe plaintiffs to tbe proof of all material allegations of tbe complaint, and yet we think they eould scarcely claim so much. They deny that they were partners (as alleged by complaint) in tbe fast freight line, and yet admit that tbe defendants, Du Bell and Hughes, against whom judgment is rendered, and who appeal, are partners and owners of said line. They deny that they received tbe goods mentioned in complaint in tbe “manner and form” alleged, and yet admit that they — 39 — did receive certain goods of about tbe quality and description alleged, and did undertake to carry tbe same from Umatilla to Idaho City. They deny tbe market value of tbe goods and tbe charge of negligence, etc. Under these pleadings, what in fact have tbe plaintiffs to prove? Not that tbe defendants, Du Bell and Hughes, are owners of tbe fast freight line between Umatilla and Idaho City — that fact is admitted; not that tbe defendants undertook to receive and carry certain goods on their line for tbe plaintiffs — that is also admitted; not that those goods were carried by defendants to Idaho City, and were wet and in bad condition on arrival — that is not denied, and is therefore admitted. The defendants then say and admit that they are common carriers; that they undertook to carry the goods; that they did carry and deliver them, and when delivered they were wet and in bad condition. Now, what do those admissions leave for the plaintiffs to prove ? Simply the condition in which the goods were delivered to the defendants, and the difference between their value as thus received by them and their value on delivery at Idaho City, in a wet and bad condition. While defendants deny the damage generally, there is no such denial as entitled them to dispute the amount of damages, if any is shown; this we understood the counsel of the appellants to concede in the argument. Now, what did the plaintiffs prove ? They established the value of the goods when received, and proved the difference between that value and the price of an undamaged article. They proved by the defendants’ own admissions in their original answer that the goods were damaged in defendants’ hands while in transitu; that they were unloaded in the snow and were exposed to the action of the elements to such a degree that they were dripping with wet when they arrived. They could not appear in the wet and damaged condition they were in on their delivery to the plaintiffs at Idaho City, if that condition had not resulted from the action of the weather while in defendants’ hands. Would not the court or a jury be amply justified in inferring that the damage proved was the result of their having been wet — 40 — in tbe bands of the defendants, when there is no testimony to show that they were exposed at any other time. The only evidence on the point tended to establish this inference, and, as it was all the evidence, the court was. bound to adopt the inference or disregard the plain rule of law in civil cases, that the weight of evidence controls the conclusion. In addition to this testimony, there were the written admissions of the defendants in their original answer, when they undertake to explain the condition of the goods on arrival by saying “ that it was owing to the inclemency of the weather, the bad condition of the roads, the necessity of unloading the goods, and their consequent exposure.” It will not do to say that these matters of excuse or discharge were struck out of the answer, and should not have been considered. They were still admissions tending to establish that the goods were received in good order and were damaged in 'transitu, and were as much evidence to be considered as any other admissions. It is true that the fact that they were repudiated by the defendants striking them out may show that they were made under a misapprehension; but as the fact of that repudiation, like any other correction of an error in statement, was as fully before the court as the original admission itself, it was a proper matter for the consideration of the judge, and he no doubt reached the right conclusion. In Hirschfield v. Franklin, 6 Cal. 607, the defendant made cognovit for the sum of one thousand seven hundred dollars. Afterwards, on a suit brought for the sum, the cog-novit having been lost by fire, the defendants’ answer denying the cause of action, it was held that the cognovit was good as an admission in pais, and that upon such evidence the plaintiff was entitled to recover. If the defendants had admitted the. facts set up in the answer, and afterwards stricken out on their own motion, to a party out of court, the plaintiff could certainly have introduced the witness and proved the statements. And can any good reason be given why the same admissions deliberately made, and yet upon record, though not in the issue, are not just as proper for the consideration of the court — 41 — or jury trying tbe cause, as if they bad been shown tbe court dehors tbe record ? Tliere is another consideration urged by tbe defendants which we think has in it much of the elements of a good defense, which is that the goods were received without objection by the plaintiffs, receipted for as in good order, and taken away. Undoubtedly this raises a strong presumption in defendants’ favor; still it does not amount to a defense absolutely. In many, and indeed we think in most cases, it would establish the innocence of a common carrier as to the damage complained of; yet it is only a presumption in his favor — only evidence which the complainant must overcome, and which he may meet and explain. In this case it seems to have been fully met by the evidence as to the condition of the goods on arrival, and the fact that immediate notice was given of the injuries and damage complained of, and the further fact that by the course of business at the office of the defendants, parties receiving goods receipted in a book kept for the purpose, which imported in terms that they were in good condition. Failing to do this, they were compelled to open them in the office. This explains why the goods were receipted for in good order by the plaintiff, when they were evidently in a badly damaged condition. Taking the facts all together, we think the findings of the court below fully sustained by the evidence. We therefore affirm the judgment with costs.