Jordan v. Panorama Orthopedics & Spine Center, PC

Opinion by JUDGE J. JONES 1 This is a premises liability case. Plaintiff, Barbara Jordan, tripped and fell on a common area sidewalk leading to the building in which defendant, Panorama Orthope-dies & Spine Center, PC ("Panorama"), leased office space. She successfully sued Panorama under the Premises Liability Act (the Act), § 18-21-115, C.R.8.2012. {2 We must decide whether Panorama was a "landowner" within the meaning of the Act, and therefore could be held liable thereunder. We conclude that Panorama was not a landowner within the meaning of the Act because there was no evidence that it was in possession of the sidewalk or that it was responsible for creating a condition on the sidewalk or conducting an activity on the sidewalk that caused Ms. Jordan's injuries. Therefore, we reverse the district court's judgment against Panorama. I. Background 3 Panorama, a medical services provider, leased office space in an office building owned by another entity, as did three other tenants. Ms. Jordan went to Panorama for medical treatment. Following treatment, she left the building and began walking to her car, which was parked in the building's parking lot. While walking on a sidewalk leading to the parking lot, she tripped over a one-half-inch raised lip between concrete see-tions of the sidewalk. She fell and was injured. [ 4 Ms. Jordan filed suit against the property owner, the property manager, and Panorama, asserting claims for negligence and premises Hability. Before trial, she settled her claims against the property owner and the property manager. Panorama then designated them as nonparties at fault. See § 13-21-111.5, C.R.S. 2012. 15 The district court granted Panorama's motion for summary judgment on the negligence claim, but denied Panorama's motion for summary judgment on the premises liability claim.1 The latter claim was tried to a jury. 16 When Ms. Jordan finished presenting her case, Panorama moved for a directed verdict, asserting that the evidence had failed to demonstrate that it was a landowner under the Act. The parties agreed that the court, rather than the jury, should determine if Panorama was a landowner under the Act. The court made findings on the record and concluded that Panorama was a landowner. ¶ 7 The jury returned a special verdict for noneconomic damages of $180,000, economic damages of $81,689, and permanent physical and mental impairment damages of $150,000. It apportioned thirty-percent of the fault to Panorama, sixty-percent to the property owner, and ten-pereent to the property manager. T8 Panorama contends on appeal that the district court erred by (1) determining that it was a landowner under the Act; (2) improperly instructing the jury on nondelegation of a duty and awardable damages; and (3) erroneously admitting into evidence the indemnification clause in its lease. We agree with Panorama's first contention, and therefore need not address the others. IL Standard of Review T9 In the district court, both parties took the position that whether a party is a landowner within the meaning of the Act is a question of law for the court to decide. On appeal, Panorama maintains that view, but Ms. Jordan posits that on appeal the issue presents a mixed question of fact and law. She argues that we must defer to the district court's findings of historical fact-reviewing them only for clear error-but that we should review its ultimate conclusion of law-Panorama's status as a landowner under the Act-de novo. The Act itself is silent on this issue, though it does say that the court is to determine whether a plaintiff is a trespasser, licensee, or invitee under the Act. § 13-21-115(4). Neither the Colorado Supreme Court nor this court appears to have squarely ad — 867 — dressed the issue of the appropriate standard of appellate review. T10 We conclude that the issue whether a party is a landowner under the Act presents a mixed question of fact and law. T11 The Act applies only if the party sought to be held liable (or seeking to take refuge in the Act's lability limitations) is a "landowner," as defined therein. § 13-21, 115(1), (2); see Pierson v. Black Canyon Aggregates, Inc., 48 P.3d 1215, 1219 (Colo.2002). Whether a party is a landowner is akin to the question whether a party owes a legal duty to a particular plaintiff, a question that has consistently been regarded as one of law, subject to de novo review. See Vigil v. Franklin, 103 P.3d 322, 825 (Colo.2004); Cary v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 68 P.3d 462: 465 (Colo.2003); Bath Excavating & Constr. Co. v. Wills, 847 P.2d 1141, 1147 (Colo.1993). It is also akin to the question whether an entity is entitled to immunity, which our appellate courts have consistently regarded as one of law. See, eg., Air Wisconsin Airlines Corp. v. Hoeper, 2012 CO 19, 120, 320 P.3d 830; Health Grades, Inc. v. Boyer, 2012 COA 196M, 1 25, - P.3d --, 2012 WL 5457419; Churchill v. Univ. of Colo., 298 P.3d 16, 25 (Colo.App.2010), aff'd, 2012 CO 54, 285 P.3d 986; Peper v. St. Mary's Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 207 P.3d 881, 888 (Colo.App.2008). And we do not see any qualitative distinction between the question, whether a plaintiff is a trespasser, licensee, or invitee for purposes of the Act (which, as noted, the Act itself provides is a question to be resolved by the court), and the question whether a party is a landowner. Both questions involve determining whether a party fits within a statutory definition, and at least to that extent involve statutory interpretation. That type of inquiry is left to the court. Spahmer v. Gullette, 113 P.3d 158, 162 (Colo.2005). 112 We also recognize, however, that the determination whether a party fits within the statutory definition of a landowner may require the resolution of questions of historical fact. Colorado appellate courts have consistently regarded such factual determinations as reviewable only for clear error, even if the ultimate legal conclusion drawn from those facts is reviewable de novo. People v. Pleshakov, 2013 CO 18, 116, 298 P.3d 228; Radcliff Props. Ltd. P'ship, LLLP v. City of Sheridan, 2012 COA 82, T9, 296 P.3d 310; Cerbo v. Protect Colo. Jobs, Inc., 240 P.3d 495, 500 (Colo.App.2010). T13 Therefore, in reviewing a district court's determination that a party is a landowner under the Act, an appellate court should review the court's findings of historical fact for clear error, deciding only whether there is any evidence in the record to support those findings. People in Interest of A.J.L., 243 P.3d 244, 250 (Colo.2010); Byerly v. Bank of Colo., 2013 COA 35, 1132, - P.3d --, 2018 WL 979373; Taxpayers for Pub. Educ. v. Douglas Onty. Sch. Dist., 2013 COA 20, T 34, - P.3d --, 2013 WL 791140. An appellate court should review the district court's ultimate legal conclusion that a party is a landowner de novo. I 14 In this case, though the district court noted and relied on many historical facts in ruling that Panorama is a landowner, those facts are undisputed. Thus, we determine only whether those undisputed facts mean that Panorama is a landowner, and do so de novo. CJ Lakeview Assocs. Ltd. v. Maes, 907 P.2d 580, 583-84 (Colo.1995) (reviewing de novo whether the plaintiff was a tenant, licensee, or invitee because the controlling facts were undisputed); Wycoff v. Grace County. Church, 251 P.3d 1260, 1265 (Colo.App.2010) (reviewing de novo whether the defendant was a landowner under the Act because the relevant facts were undisputed).2 IIL Governing Law {15 The Act defines "landowner" as follows: For purposes of this section, "landowner" includes, without limitation, an authorized — 868 — agent or a person in possession of real property and a person legally responsible for the condition of real property or for the activities conducted or circumstances existing on real property. § 18-21-115(1). T16 This definition is clearly broader than the term "landowner". might ordinarily suggest. A party need not hold title to the property to be considered a landowner within the meaning of the Act. Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1219; Wycoff, 251 P.3d at 1265-66. A tenant may, depending on the circumstances, be regarded as a landowner. See Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1219 n. 4; Wycoff, 251 P.3d at 1263, 1266 (entity which rented property to host an event was a landowner). €{17 The supreme court has held that a party need not have exclusive possession of property to be considered "a person in possession of real property" under subsection 13-21-115(1). Rather, the party need only have a "sufficient" possessory interest in the property. Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1219-20. 118 Absent such a possessory interest, a party may be regarded as a landowner if it is "legally conducting activity or creating a condition on the property and therefore responsible for that activity or condition." Id. at 1220. The focus in this context is "whether the defendant is someone who is legally entitled to be on the real property and whether the defendant is responsible for creating a condition on real property or conducting an activity on real property that injures an entrant." Id. at 1221 (emphasis added). This focus places "prospective liability with the person or entity that created the condition or conducted the activity on 'the real property that, in turn, caused injury to someone." Id. (emphasis added). "[The cause of action must arise out of an injury occurring on the real property of another and by reason of the condition of the property or activities or circumstances directly related to the real property itself ...." Id. IV. Panorama's Motion for a Directed Verdict and the District Court's Ruling € 19 In moving for a directed verdict, Panorama's counsel argued that there was no evidence that Panorama was responsible for creating a condition or conducting an activity on the sidewalk that caused Ms. Jordan's injuries. Counsel emphasized that the landlord was contractually responsible for maintaining the sidewalk. 20 In opposing Panorama's motion for a directed verdict, Ms. Jordan's counsel did not argue clearly that Panorama possessed the sidewalk or conducted activities on the sidewalk, or both. Counsel argued that Panorama was a landowner because (1) Ms. Jordan had fallen outside Panorama's front door; (2) the sidewalk was the only walkway persons parking in the building's handicapped spaces could use; (8) Panorama's actions showed it was concerned about potential liability if a patient fell on the sidewalk or in the parking lot; (4) Panorama prepared incident reports if it was aware of Accidents on the building grounds; (5) it was in Panorama's interest to maintain safety on the sidewalk; (6) Panorama was in the best position to know if there was a hazard on the sidewalk (better than the property owner or property manager); (7) tenants paid the cost of maintaining the entirety of the real property on which the office building was located (though tenants did not perform maintenance work); (8) Panorama's lease contained an indemnification clause requiring it to indemnify the property owner from any liability "arising from Tenant's use of the Premises . or from any activity ... by Tenant in or about the Premises"; and (9) in cases of emergency, Panorama had the right under the lease to remedy a hazard on the common areas of the building grounds. 121 The district court ruled that Panorama was a landowner based on the following: (1) Panorama had referred to the office building as the "Panorama campus"; (2) Panorama was a "major tenant"; (8) the emer-geney clause in the lease; and (4) the indemnification clause in the lease. The court found that the indemnification clause in particular was "strong evidence that Panorama had assumed the risk...." And the court also said that Panorama was conducting an activity on the property because "[they are — 869 — using-they are dispensing their medical prowess with reference to a variety of people needing their services...." The court did not appear, however, to rule that Panorama was in possession of the sidewalk. V. Additional Relevant Facts 122 The following undisputed facts also are relevant: e Panorama did not have any ownership interest in any portion of the office building property. e Panorama did not manage the building. ® Panorama's rights and obligations vis-a-vis the office building property were governed by a written lease. In relevant part, that lease provided: ® Panorama leased only a specifically defined portion of the office building, referred to in the lease as "the Premises." The Premises were entirely within the office building. @ Panorama was responsible for maintaining the Premises. ® The Premises did not include the sidewalk on which Ms. Jordan fell or any portion of the parking lot. The sidewalk on which Ms. Jordan fell was within the "Common Areas" defined by the lease. @The lease provided that "Landlord shall keep the Common Areas in a neat, clean and orderly condition H ® Panorama did not have any obligation to maintain the Common Areas. That responsibility was solely that of the landlord. ® Panorama shared the cost of maintaining the Common Areas with the other tenants. © Panorama had the right to exclusive use of twenty-five parking spaces, and the right to nonexclusive use of other spaces in the building's parking lot. The landlord, however, maintained control and management over all parking spaces. @There was no evidence that Panorama had done anything to create the condition of the sidewalk which caused Ms. Jordan to trip and fall. @The sidewalk on which Ms. Jordan tripped and fell was used by all tenants and their patrons and visitors. VI. Analysis 123 We conclude that the undisputed facts do not support a conclusion either that Panorama was in possession of the sidewalk or that it had created a condition or conducted an activity on the sidewalk that, in turn, caused Ms. Jordan's injuries. A. Possession €24 It is undisputed that Panorama did not lease the sidewalk. It is also undisputed that only the landlord was obligated to maintain the sidewalk. Though tenants' employees, patients, and visitors are allowed to use the sidewalk, that possessory interest is insignificant. Indeed, it is, virtually indistinguishable from the interest that any member of the public has to use the sidewalk. I 25 In Pierson, the court did not hold that any possessory interest is sufficient to render one a landowner: the interest must be "sufficient." Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1220. It cited section 328E of the Restatement (Second) of Torts as articulating a broad view of who may be deemed a possessor of land. Id. at 1219-20. Section 328E provides that a possessor of land is: (a) a person who is in occupation of the land with intent to control it or a person who has been in occupation of land with intent to control it, if no other person has subsequently occupied it with intent to control it, or . (c) a person who is entitled to immediate occupation of the land, if no other person is in possession under Clauses (a) and (b). See also Henderson v. Master Klean Janitorial, Inc., 70 P.3d 612, 614 (Colo.App.2003) (also applying § 828E to a claim under the Act). 26 Panorama does not fall within any of these categories. It did not "occupy" the sidewalk: it occupied only the leased premises. Nor is there any evidence of its intent to "control" the sidewalk. — 870 — 127 Ms. Jordan's argument to the contrary relies most heavily on terms in the lease providing that Panorama had the right to remedy problems in common areas in emergencies, agreed to indemnify the property owner with respect to events "in or about the Premises," and paid part of the cost of maintaining the common areas. But the emergency and cost-sharing provisions only highlight that it was the property owner who was responsible for ordinary and continuing maintenance of the common areas. The cost-sharing provision was also merely a bargained-for allocation of expenses associated with the building. And the indemnification provision was merely an agreement between the tenant and the landlord as to the allocation of specified risks pertaining to incidents on Panorama's premises.3 None of these provisions transferred control over any portion of the common areas to Panorama. 128 Ms. Jordan's reliance on Wycoff in support of her argument is misplaced. The division in that case did not hold that the defendant was a landowner because it was in possession of the property, but rather because it had conducted an activity on the property which had caused the plaintiff's injury. Wycoff, 251 P.3d at 1266. In any event, we note that the defendant in that case had leased the property on which the incident resulting in the plaintiff's injury had occurred. The same cannot be said in this case. 129 In sum, we conclude that, as a matter of law, the evidence did not establish that Panorama had a sufficient possessory interest in the sidewalk to be regarded as a landowner under the Act with respect thereto. Cf. Nordin v. Madden, 148 P.3d 218, 220-21 (Colo.App.2006) (though lease provided that landlord was responsible for maintaining and repairing the property, a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the tenant was in possession of the property because the tenant had in fact maintained and repaired the property for several years); Wilson v. Marchiondo, 124 P.3d 837, 840 {Colo.App.2005) (where the tenant had exclusive possession of the premises, the tenant was responsible under the lease for routine maintenance, and the landlord was responsible only for major maintenance and repair, the landlord was not in possession of the property as a matter of law); Henderson, 70 P.3d at 614 (cleaning company was not in possession of the property where, under the terms of its contract, the landowner's property manager retained control over the maintenance of the property). B. Conducting an Activity 180 The district court did not find, and Ms. Jordan does not contend, that Panorama created the condition on the sidewalk that caused her injuries. (As noted, there is - no evidence to support such a finding.) Instead, the district court ruled, in effect, that Panorama was conducting an activity on the sidewalk because it had a business in the office building. In so ruling, the district court erred because there was no evidence either that Panorama conducted an activity on the sidewalk or that any such alleged activity caused Ms. Jordan's injuries. 31 In the context of the Act, conducting an activity on the property refers to conducting an activity on the property on which the plaintiff was injured. See Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1221. Here, that is the sidewalk, and there is no evidence that Panorama conducted an activity on the sidewalk. As noted, the sidewalk was not part of Panorama's leased premises, and the landlord was solely responsible for maintaining the sidewalk. 132 Though Panorama prepared incident reports when incidents involving Panorama employees or clients occurred on common areas, the preparation of such reports does not constitute conducting an activity "on" the common areas.4 Further, the lease imposed no obligation on Panorama to investigate incidents or prepare reports. We fail to see — 871 — how Panorama could have become a landowner of the sidewalk by voluntarily engaging in such precautionary activity. And we note that imposing liability on a tenant for preparing incident reports would have the anomalous effect of discouraging tenants from preparing such reports. 133 Ms. Jordan also points out that Panorama notified the property manager (or the landlord) if it perceived a need for maintenance of the common areas. The dissent goes so far as to say that Panorama "exerted control over how the common areas were managed by directing the property manager with respect to snow and ice removal, sprinkler operation, and cleaning issues." But the record shows no such "control." Rather, it shows only that Panorama alerted the property manager (or the landlord) to any need for maintenance, for which only the landlord was legally responsible. Indeed, it shows that both Panorama and the landlord regarded the landlord-and only the landlord-as the entity with control over the common areas. Moreover, imposing liability on a tenant because it requested that a landlord perform its legal obligation to maintain common areas would-as is the case with the preparation of incident reports-have the anomalous effect of discouraging tenants from reporting maintenance concerns.5 [ 34 Nor does it matter that some of Panorama's patients may have used the sidewalk in walking to or from the building's parking lot. The sidewalk could be used by any member of the public. To hold that a tenant is liable for accidents occurring on a sidewalk as to which it has no possessory interest and over which it has no control would expand the reach of the Act beyond any reasonable reading of its terms. $85 The emergency maintenance and indemnification provisions of the lease do not show that Panorama had control over the sidewalk, as discussed in part VLA above. Neither do they amount to conducting an activity "on" the sidewalk. $36 Finally, we are not persuaded that the facts that Panorama employees may have referred to the building property as the "Panorama Medical Campus," that the building was named the "Panorama Orthopedics & Spine Center," and that the other tenants provided services available to Panorama's patients dictate a conclusion-or support, even marginally, a conclusion-that Panorama conducted an activity on the sidewalk. Our focus here must be on the reality of what conduct the entity sought to be held liable actually engaged in on the precise property at issue. These facts do not logically relate to whether Panorama itself actually conducted an activity on the sidewalk. 187 Even if a defendant conducts an activity on the property, Pierson expressly holds that liability under the Act requires that the plaintiffs injury must have been causally related to the defendant's activity on the property-that is, the defendant's activity must have caused the injury. Id. (38 Wycoff and Henderson are illustrative. In Wycoff. the defendant leased a ranch to host a multi-day event. One of the activities the defendant offered to guests at the event was riding an inner tube pulled by an all-terrain vehicle. The plaintiff was injured while engaging in that activity. The division concluded that the defendant was a landowner because it was legally responsible for the activity that resulted in the plaintiff's injury. Wycoff, 251 P.8d at 1266. 139 In Henderson, the plaintiff slipped and fell on stairs at his workplace. He sued the company hired to clean the workplace, alleging that he had slipped because of water left on the stairs by the cleaning company. The division held that the cleaning company was a landowner under the Act because it "was responsible for conducting an activity on the property that allegedly resulted in injury to [the] plaintiff." Henderson, 70 P.3d at 615 (emphasis added); of Legro v. Robinson, 2012 COA 182, TT 14-17, 328 P.3d 238 (defendants who had a permit to graze sheep on property were landowners under the Act; the defendants' predator control dogs had attacked the plaintiff); Nordin, 148 P.3d at 221-22 (holding that a landlord was — 872 — not conducting an activity on the property because it had not conducted any activity pertaining to the hot water heater or furnace, one of which had caused the death of a tenant). 40 There is no evidence that Panorama conducted any activity on the sidewalk that caused Ms. Jordan's injuries The district court overlooked this point entirely, and neither Ms. Jordan nor the dissent tries to explain how any of the evidence shows the requisite causal connection. 1 41 Our conclusion is consistent with Pier-son. In that case, the court held that there was a factual dispute whether the defendants "were actually responsible for the precise situation that injured" the plaintiff. Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1221 n.7.6 The court was clear that the defendants could be deemed landowners by virtue of conducting an activity on the property if the plaintiff had been injured as a result of their activity. Id. at 1221. Again, there is no evidence of such a causal connection in this case. 42 Therefore, we conclude that the district court erred in denying Panorama's motion for a directed verdict. Because of our resolution of this issue, we need not address Panorama's other claims of error. 1 43 The judgment is reversed. JUDGE BERNARD concurs. JUDGE RICHMAN dissents. Footnotes [1] Ms. Jordan has not appealed the district court's summary judgment on her negligence claim. [2] The question of Panorama's status arose in the context of Panorama's motion for a directed verdict. We typically review a decision denying a motion for a directed verdict de novo. Reigel v. SavaSeniorCare L.L.C., 292 P.3d 977, 982 (Colo.App.2011); Makoto USA, Inc. v. Russell, 250 P.3d 625, 626 (Colo.App.2009). [3] The indemnification provision is limited to events "in or about the Premises." This boilerplate limits the obligation to events occurring on the leased "Premises" or arising from activities on the leased "Premises." Ms. Jordan did not fall on the leased Premises. [4] The dissent says Panorama "took responsibility" for investigating incidents and preparing reports, implying that Panorama was obligated to do so. It was not. Panorama acted voluntarily. [5] Contrary to the dissent's suggestion, there is no evidence in the record that Panorama's actions in reporting incidents or requesting maintenance went beyond normal tenant activities. [6] The dissent suggests the court in Pierson held the defendant operator was a landowner by virtue of conducting an activity thereon. -It did not. It noted merely that there was a factual dispute whether the operator had conducted an activity on the property. Id. The court did not identify the facts relevant to that issue. And the court's discussion of whether the operator was a landowner by virtue of conducting an activity is arguably dictum because the court held that the operator was a landowner by virtue of possessing the property.