Schoepflin v. Coffey

Adams, J. : On the 16th day of May, 1895, there appeared in certain newspapers published in the cities of Utica, Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo a telegraphic dispatch relating to the plaintiff and purporting to have been sent from the city of Albany, which it is claimed was false and defamatory. The article as published in these several papers was the same in substance and it read as follows, viz.: “ It was stated in the Senate this afternoon by Senator Coffey of Kings that the two indictments have been issued against Assemblyman Campbell of Kings and Schoepflin of Erie, in connection with Mr. Campbell’s ice bill, by the grand jury of Albany county, and that warrants are out for their arrest.” In connection with this statement the dispatch contained what purported to be further details of the affair, which clearly implied that the offense charged against the parties named was bribery, and it likewise contained a denial by each of them of any corrupt or improper conduct in their relation to the bill with which their names were thus associated. At the time of the publication of this dispatch both the plaintiff and the defendant were members of the State Legislature, the — 440 — •former being an Assemblyman from the county of Erie, and the latter a Senator from the county of Kings; and this action • is brought by the plaintiff upon the theory that the defendant communicated the • substance of the article to a representative of the •‘Associated Press,” arid that he is consequently responsible for its publication. It is virtually conceded that the dispatch in question was- furnished to these different newspapers by the Associated Press, which is an association engaged in the business of obtaining items of news from various parts of the world and furnishing the same to its patrons. It is also a conceded fact that one Graham, who was an agent of the association, sent the dispatch, and the evidence tends to show that the information upon which it was based was obtained by him from the defendant. There is also evidence from which the jury had a right to infer that, when this information was thus imparted, the defendant knew that Graham was the representative of the Associated Press, and .that he also knew, or had reasonable cause to believe, that the statement made to Graham was obtained by him for the express purpose for which it was subsequently used. In this connection it is proper to state that, while admitting that he liad an interview with Graham, in which thefe was some conversation, relative to the reported indictment of- the plaintiff, the defend* ant denies having made the statement in the form in which it was published, and he asserts that he simply referred to the subject-matter as a rumor which was in circulation at the Capitol■; that he. had no particular interest in it; that he did not know the plaintiff,- and that he was not aware that Graham intended to publish his statement, or even that he was the representative of the' association in question: This denial by the defendant, which, to-some extent, was corroborated by other evidence,' presented a distinct issue of. fact upon every question which was essential to the maintenance of the cause of action alleged in the plaintiff’s coinplaint; and the same having been carefully and impartially submitted.to the jury by the learned trial justice, we must, for the purposes of this review, deem the plaintiff’s contention fully sustained, so far as it relates to the disputed facts of the case. - We do not understand that the plaintiff’s right to invoke the rule — 441 — just stated is seriously controverted by the defendant, but he insists, nevertheless, that the judgment appealed from should be reversed for the reason: (1) That no cause of action is alleged in the plaintiff’s complaint; (2) that error was committed during the progress of the trial, and (3) that the damages awarded by the jury are excessive. We shall endeavor, therefore, to consider, as briefly as possible, these various propositions in the order in which they are stated. It will be observed, by reading the plaintiff’s complaint, that it comprises five separate counts, the first four of which contain allegations appropriate to an action of slander. But it was held by the learned justice who presided at the trial that, in the absence of an allegation of special damages, the evidence was insufficient to support such an action, and that if a recovery was had at all, it must be upon the cause of action set forth in the fifth count, which reads as follows, viz.: “Fifth. For a further cause of action plaintiff alleges, upon information and belief, that heretofore, to wit, on the 15th day of May, 1895, at the city of Albany, State of Yew York, the defendant falsely and maliciously spoke and published concerning this plaintiff to G. Edward Graham, who was then the manager and reporter and collector of newg of the Associated Press of the State of Yew York, which Associated Press included a large number of the daily newspapers of said State, and in the presence and hearing of divers other persons, the false and defamatory words following, and words of the substance and tenor following, to wit: ‘ I know that an indictment has been found against Schoepflin (meaning this plaintiff) by the grand jury in connection with Campbell’s ice bill, from the best authority in the world; I would gamble on it,’ meaning and declaring thereby that he knew that the grand jury of Albany county had found an indictment against this plaintiff, who was then a member of the Legislature, to wit, of. the Assembly of the State of Yew York, for corrupt and criminal conduct and acts in relation to and in connection with a bill which had been introduced- and was then pending in said Assembly by Mr. John 'H. Campbell, who was then a member of said Assembly, which bill was commonly known as ‘ Campbell’s Ice Bill; ’ that said statement was so made to said — 442 — Graham in the presence of Lewis J. Seabold, who was then a reporter and newsgatherer for the New York World, a daily newspaper published in the city of New York; and thereby defendant caused said false and defamatory statement to be printed and published in most of the daily newspapers of the State of New York, and in the said New York World, published in said State on the following day.” Seduced to a more concrete statement, this count in effect charges that-the defendant made the false and defamatory statement therein mentioned to G. Edward Graham, who was then the manager, reporter and collector of news for- the Associated Press, in the presence of a reporter and representative of the New York World, a daily newspaper published in the city of New York, and that he thereby caused the same to be printed and published in most of the daily papers of the State, The vital question, therefore, which is thus presented for our determination is, does this allegation, as formulated in the complaint, contain the .essential elements of a good cause of .action ? In our effort to answer this question we shall first treat whatever cause of action the plaintiff has attempted to set forth in the 5th count as one of libel purely ; and in doing so probably the first circumstance to be noted is that it is not alleged, néither is it claimed, that the defendant' was in any wise connected with either of the papers which published the libelous article complained of, or that he actually directed or requested its publication. He did, however, as the established facts of the case clearly indicate, furnish the information which was published, and he furnished it to a representative of these papers under circumstances which will permit the inference that he knew the relation which the person to whom it' was thus furnished occupied towards the press of the State; and there are numerous authorities holding that where one furnishes facts for publication, knowing, or having reasonable cause to believe, that they are to be used for that purpose, and they are in fact so used, he is just as liable as the actual publisher; for the reason that by aiding him he becomes the means by which the libel is published. This doctrine has been fully sanctioned and many of the authorities supporting it are cited in a recent decision of the Court of Appeals of this State. (Youmans v. Smith, 153 N. Y. 214, 218.) — 443 — It is likewise to be noted that it is nowhere- alleged in the complaint that the defendant made the libelous statement to Graham with the design or intention that it should be published, or that he knew, or had reasonable cause to believe, that the person to whom it was made was the representative of, or in any wise connected with, the newspapers which subsequently published the same. This omission, from the standpoint from which we are now considering the plaintiff’s cause of action, would present quite a serious question if one had been raised by a timely and proper objection. It appears, however, that at the opening of the trial the plaintiff was simply called upon by the defendant to elect whether he would proceed for slander or libel; and, when this motion was denied, the learned counsel for the defendant asked that the complaint be dismissed in so far as it alleged the publication of the slanderous words complained of, upon the ground that such publication, if any, was too remote, and that it was not the proximate or natural result of the alleged slander. This motion was also denied, and thereupon counsel requested that the complaint be dismissed generally. ■ It further appears that, at this time, not only was there no specific objection made that the complaint did not state a cause of action for slander, but that subsequently the plaintiff, as hereinbefore suggested, was permitted to give 'proof tending to show both knowledge and intent upon the part of the defendant in making this statement to Graham, without any objection that the same had not been properly pleaded. We think, therefore, that even if the complaint were to be regarded as defective in the particulars specifically mentioned, such defects were cured by the proofs given upon the trial, and that the complaint might have been amended so as to conform to such proofs, in which case the action might have been maintained as one of libel, pure and simple. But it is hot absolutely necessary to pass definitely upon this question, in the view which we take of the case, for however defective the complaint may be regarded, in the aspect in which we have thus far considered it, it did, in our opinion, contain all the essential allegations of a complete cause of action for libel or its equivalent. By chapter 340 of the Laws of 1890 the Penal Code was amended by adding thereto the following provision, viz.: “ § 254a. Any person who willfully states, delivers or transmits by any means — 444 — whatever to the manager, editor, publisher or reporter of any newspaper, magazine, publication, periodical or serial for publication therein any libelous statement concerning any person or corporation, cmd thereby secures the actual publication of the same, is guilty of a misdemeanor.” And in 1894 this section was again amended by striking out the italicised words, so that it now reads: “ Any person who willfully states, delivers or transmits by any means whatever to any manager, editor, publisher, reporter or other employe of a publisher of any newspaper, magazine, publication, periodical or serial, any statement concerning any-person or corporation, which, if published therein, would be a libel, is guilty of a misdemeanor.” (Laws of 1894, chap. 626.) The apparent design and the necessary result of this amendment is to affirm that whoever willfully makes a statement to a representative of a ■ newspaper concerning any person which, if published,. would amount to a libel, commits a crime ; and this independent of the question whether such statement was made for publication, or whether its publication was secured by the person making it. The statement, for the publication of which the plaintiff insists that the defendant is responsible, was highly defamatory in its character ; for it not only imputed to the plaintiff conduct which was criminally disgraceful and dishonorable, but it charged that he had been ■ indicted therefor by the grand jury. It is too obvious, therefore, to admit of argument that such a statement was libelous; and as it is alleged in the complaint that it was made to, and in the presence of, a representative of the Associated Press, it is -clear that the defendant stands charged with the commission of an unlawful act from which the plaintiff claims that he has suffered damage. This being the. situation, it must be conceded, we think, that the law does not leave the injured party remediless ; and, consequently, so long as the complaint sets forth a cause of action, it is not absolutely essential that it should contain all the elements of that particular form of action which the law terms “ libel.” (Thomas v. Smith, 75 Hun, 573; Hughes v. City of Auburn, 21 App. Div. 311, 318; Olcott v. Carroll, 39 N. Y. 436.) ■ The ease was not submitted to the jury upon precisely -this theory — 445 — it is true, but this is something of which the defendant ought not to complain, inasmuch as the jury were expressly instructed that, as an indispensable prerequisite to a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, they, must find that the defendant intended or understood that the statement made by him to Graham was to be published in some newspaper. The errors which it is asserted were committed during the progress of the trial relate to the admission or rejection of evidence, and also to the charge of the court, as well as to the refusal of the court to charge in accordance with the requests of counsel. We have examined the various exceptions relied upon by counsel and find that many of them involve virtually the same question . which has already been considered ; and that the only one appearing to present any error which can be regarded as at all prejudicial to the defendant is that which was taken to the portion of the charge in which allusion was made to the evidence of the defendant’s' admission that he told Graham, for the Associated Press, that the plaintiff had been indicted, and that the sheriff had a warrant for his arrest. In charging the jury upon this subject it is not to be denied that the trial court did say, as is claimed by the defendant, that if “the fact is that this statement was made by the defendant, it covers perhaps the only question of fact which you are now considering, and would establish the truthfulness of the plaintiff’s contention that the statement which he made to Graham was to the full extent that the plaintiff had been indicted and that a warrant 'was out for his. apprehension.” And if this language was in no wise qualified by what preceded or followed it, there would possibly be much force in the defendant’s contention ; but, upon referring to the body of the charge, we find that the learned trial justice, after making the statement above quoted, used these significant words : “ There is, however, a dispute about this — and you will consider the testimony to which your attention will be now called in connection with it, for the purpose of determining what the fact is in this behalf.” And he thereupon referred briefly to the evidence bearing upon this" branch of the case, and then added: “ You will observe that the remark of the court, in the beginning, that there was a controversy in this testimony as to just what was said between the parties, is now made quite apparent from the reading of the testimony. * * * — 446 — It is for you to determine just what declaration or statement .was made by Coffey to Graham. The court can be of no service to you whatever upon the question further than it has been by calling your attention to the testimony, and stating to you, in calling your attention to this branch of the case, that, after an examination of all the testimony bearing upon this question whether the court has called your attention to it or not,"if you reach the conclusion that Coffey; in his conversation with Graham, said to him that the plaintiff and Campbell had been indicted, and that warrants were out for their arrest, then you will proceed to the examination of another question which will be given to you by the court presently.” . We think it quite apparent, therefore, that the jury were given to understand that they were not to consider the defendant’s alleged .admission as an isolated item of evidence, but that they were to first satisfy themselves whether or not the admission was made as testified to, and, if it was, then to determine to what extent it tended to establish the plaintiff’s cause of action. There certainly was nothing objectionable in this, and the defendant’s exception simply furnishes another admonition of the danger which accompanies an .•attempt to give effect to a particular sentence or .paragraph in a charge detached from its context. We come now to consider the defendant’s contention that the ■damages awarded by the jury are excessive, and we think this is a matter concerning which little need be said. The damages are large, exceptionally so, and at first glance- it would seem that they are larger than the facts of the case fairly warrant. Nevertheless the amount to be awarded the plaintiff was a matter .which resided in the discretion of the jury, and we are finable to. say that this discretionary power has been,' in this . instance, unwisely or improperly exercised: The plaintiff occupied a public station to which none but men of the strictest integrity ought to aspire. In •order that he might fill the same witli advantage to his constituents. :and credit to himself, it was of the utmost importance that his character should remain unimpeaclied. The language for which the jury .have found the defendant responsible was susceptible of but one ■construction by all who read it. It not only charged the plaintiff with the violation of a public duty, but impliedly, at least, with the .commission of a grave and heinous crime. This language was pub — 447 — lished in various parts of the State, and it was doubtless read by thousands of people. As a necessary consequence, wherever the charge was published the plaintiff’s name was associated with the odium which very properly attaches to the commission of the crime of bribery, and the injury to bis reputation which resulted must have proven well nigh irreparable. We do not think that the evidence, as a whole, will warrant the conclusion that the defendant was guilty of express malice in making the statement he did to Graham; but it will permit the inference that such statement was made carelessly and recklessly, and if the jury took that view of it, as they undoubtedly did, they were furnished sufficient justification for awarding punitive as well as compensatory damages. (Holmes v. Jones, 121 N. Y. 461; Warner v. P. P. Co., 132 id. 181; Holmes v. Jones, 147 id. 59 ; Karwowski v. Pitass, 20 App. Div. 118.) We find nothing in the record before us which seems to require a reversal of'the judgment and order appealed from, and we conclude, therefore, that they should be affirmed. All concurred, except Follett, J., dissenting, and Ward, X, not voting. Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.