Meldon v. Devlin

Barrett, J.: Certain considerations concerning the trust created by the 4th clause of the codicil of Daniel Devlin are practically undisputed, and may be stated at the outset to simplify the discussion. The trust was legal in its duration. It was to last only during the lives of William and Jeremiah Devlin. The power of disposition of the income does not enlarge the trust term. This power of disposition existed only during the joint, lives of William and Jeremiah, and the testator’s widow, Bridget Devlin. Hence, as soon as either of the brothers died, this latter power ceased, and when the death of the other followed the trust terminated. The phrase “ during the joint lives of my said wife, brothers Jeremiah and William,” cpialifies each of the preceding clauses, limiting the power to pay the beneficiaries, as well as into the body of the estate. This is the natural construction. Otherwise, we should have two powers, one carefully limited as to time, and the other left wholly indefinite in this respect. There is apparently no reason for any such distinction. That it was not intended is shown by the wording of this part of the clause and of that which follows. The power to dispose of the income is given to the trustees jointly, to be exercised to such extent “ as may seem proper to them.” It was a discretionary power, and the testator evidently meant to secure the exercise of the judgment of both of his trustees. When he intended that one of them alone might act, he expressly so stated. The latter part of the clause contains two distinct powers with reference to the principal of the fund, one of which is conferred upon “ the survivor of the said trustees,” and the other upon “ said trustees and the survivor of them.” The first serious question relates to the proper disposition of the income of the trust fund, namely, the $101,000 paid by the trustees to the executors prior to May, 1888. This disposition was evidently made in execution of the power to pay income “ into the body of my estate.” There is a dispute as to the meaning of these words — 153 — — it, being claimed on the one hand that the money was properly paid to the executors, and on the other that the testator meant it to be added to the principal of the trust fund. We think the first contention is clearly right. The executors, as the decedent’s legal representatives, stood for the “body of the estate.” The distinction in the testator’s mind was between the special trust fund on the one hand, and the general “body of the estate” on the other. The trust was not the general body of the estate, but a particular fund carved out -of it. The words used are quite inapt to express an intention that the money should go to increase the principal of the trust fund. The trustees are directed to “ pay such income * * * into the body of my estate.” They are to dispose of it by payment, not to retain it. The testator surely did not mean to indicate a payment by the trustees to themselves in the very same capacity in which they held the money. The proper disposition of the money by the executors also seems clear. They were to apply it in fulfillment of the purposes of their trust. The specific legacies had all been paid, and the money consequently went to the residuary legatees. But it did not form part of the residuary estate as that was at first constituted. If so, two-sixths of it would again find its way into the trust, from which it had just been sent. This would evidently have been contrary to the testator’s intention. In such a case it would be the duty of the trustees to again pay this portion of the income to the executors; part of it would again come to them, and this process of payment and repayment would continue indefinitely. What the testator meant was that the money should form a portion of that part of his residuary estate not, included within the trust. The residuary estate, as at first, constituted, was composed of two parts — the trust fund and the remainder; and this remainder the testator calls the “ body of my estate.” This construction not only, as we think, gives to the testator’s words their natural significance, but also prevents, either in whole or in part, an illegal accumulation of the income of the trust fund. The rule that the residue of a residue does not pass to the residuary legatees, but devolves as undisposed of, has no application. That rule applies only where the provision has lapsed. In such a — 154 — case it does not go to the other residuary legatees, as the testator has already indicated the extent to which he means them to share in the residuary estate. The income in question has not lapsed. The testator has directed what shall become of it in case -the trustees do not transfer it to the beneficiaries, and his direction must be carried out. It has been argued that there was no general “ body of the estate ” in the hands of the executors at the time when the trustees were directed to make this payment. This argument rests upon the theory that the executors had already divided the residue of the estate into six equal parts, as provided by the will; and that the testator meant the residuary beneficiaries to take these shares as thus constituted — no more and no less. It is true that he did direct the executors to make the division and distribute the shares; but no reason is apparent why he should not, by subsequent words, qualify these provisions by increasing the first four shares. It does not appear that the testator meant this initial division to be final and absolute. There is nothing so unusual about a subsequent increase of the shares as to justify putting a forced and unnatural construction upon the words “ body of my estate.” Furthermore, it is clear from the will that the testator contemplated, when this was made, at least, that the amount "of the first four shares of the residuary estate might be increased, for he directed that in certain contingencies one-half of the remaining two-sixths should “ fall back and become part and parcel of the residue of my estate.” Thus, as to Jeremiah Crolly, he provides in the 11th clause of his will as follows: “But in case my said nephew Jeremiah should die without having become entitled as aforesaid to the payment or transfer to him of said one undivided twelfth part, then, upon his death, I direct the same to be transferred to his children then living, and to the issue of such as may be dead, per stirpes and not per capita ; and in case he should leave no children or issue thereof, then the same shell fell back and become part and parcel of the residxce of my estate.” So, as to James Crolly, we find the following provision in the 12th clause: “But in case my said nephew James should die without having become entitled as aforesaid to the payment or transfer of said undivided twelfth part, then, upon his death, I direct the same to be transferred to his children then living — 155 — and the issue of sucli as may be dead, per stirpes and not par capita; and in case he should leave no children or issue thereof, then the same shall fall back into and become part and parcel of the residue of my estate.” And as we have seen in the statement of facts he made a similar direction in certain contingencies with regard to two of the four-sixths disposed of in the 'Tth, 8th, 9th and 10th clauses. Hence any argument, based upon the theory that the testator did not mean to increase the shares of the residuary estate as at first constituted, falls to the ground. Stress is laid upon the fact that the words “ residuary estate ” are used in the will and “ body of my estate ” in the codicil. But in truth this fact bears in the plaintiff’s favor. The testator did not mean that the income should go into the general residuary estate and be distributed accordingly, but that it should form part of the residuary estate not included within the trust fund. Thus the court below rightly decreed that Jeremiah Doherty was, and the plaintiff is, entitled to the unpaid balance of the $101,000 paid over by the trustees to the executors. Prior payment of this sum was properly decreed out of any funds in the hands of Daniel Devlin’s executrix, or which are payable to her under the terms of the judgment. No accounting wras necessary as a preliminary to this decree. There are no creditors of the Daniel Devlin estate; and the rights of creditors of Jeremiah Devlin’s estate are fully protected by the judgment, which directs an accounting, payment to a receiver of such part of the debt of that estate as it may be able to pay, and distribution by the receiver in accordance with the judgment. The next question relates to that portion of the income which the trustees did not pay either to the executors or to the beneficiaries named in the 4th clause of the codicil. It is urged that payment by the trustees to the executors was, at least, discretionary, and cannot be enforced. We think not. The clause provides that the trustees shall “ apply so much if any of the income and dividends to the use of * * * therefrom — from time to time, and in such sums as may seem' proper to them (the beneficiaries) — or to pay such income or dividends or such part as they may see fit into the body of my estate,” etc. There was clearly a discretion vested in the trustees as to the amount to — 156 — be received by the beneficiaries named. We think, however, that there was no additional discretion to withhold from the estate what was not thus paid. Words indicating discretion are coupled with the provision in favor of the executors; but this discretion was not an additional one, but an alternative for the other. The trustees were at liberty to pay either to the beneficiaries or to the executors, as they should think best; but what they did not pay to the former they wore bound to pay to the latter. The discretionary language used in the second alternative is but the complement to that used in the first. In other words, the entire income w’as to be disposed of in one way or the other, or in both ways. None of it was to remain unapplied. Upon the other construction there would be not only an illegal accumulation, but an accumulation for no purpose whatever. Clearly the testator did not mean the income to lie idle in the hands of the trustees while this power lasted. It follows that the actual transfer by the trustees to the executors is unimportant. There was an imperative power in trust, and the beneficiaries take in the same manner as though it had been executed. (Smith v. Floyd, 140 N. Y. 337.) Consequently all income received by the trustees prior to July 27, 1892, and not paid to the beneficiaries, belongs in equity to those persons among whom the executors should have distributed it had it been so paid. The same rule applies to income which should have been, although it was not, realized out of the trust estate, and for which in consequence the trustees, or either of them, were liable. This income was not paid to the beneficiaries named in the codicil, and all such income belongs to the persons specified. We thus agree with the learned court below as to the disposition of the income accruing up to July 27, 1892, the date of William Devlin’s death. We have readied a different conclusion, however, with reference to that accruing between this date and August 11, 1893, when Jeremiah Devlin died. On July 27, 1892, the power to dispose of the income of the trust fund ceased. After that date neither the beneficiaries nor the executors were entitled to any of it, and it remained undisposed of. It consequently belonged, under the statute (1 R. S. 726, § 40; Id. 773, § 2) “ to the persons presumptively entitled to the next eventual estate.” We cannot agree with the learned counsel for the plaintiff that these persons — 157 — were the residuary legatees. The persons who take are those presumptively entitled at the time the income accrues, although the estate eventually goes elsewhere. (Kilpatrick v. Johnson, 15 N. Y. 322, 326, 327; Schettler v. Smith, 41 id. 328.) Who were presumptively entitled to the principal of the trust fund between July 27, 1892, and August 11,1893 ? During this period Jeremiah Devlin was vested with a power to dispose of the principal of the trust fund among such “ relatives ” of Daniel Devlin as he should see fit. Until the end of the period it could not be told with certainty who those persons would be, since he made the appointment by a will which took effect only upon his death. Wo think, however, that these interests vested under the power before his death. It is settled that xvhere a power of appointment is conferred, and the property to be disposed of and its recipients are both certain, the latter obtain vested rig'hts which cannot be destroyed by the non-action of the donee of the power. (Dominick v. Sayre, 3 Sandf. 555 ; Smith v. Floyd, supra.) This rule has often been applied by the English courts where there is a power to appoint among “relations,” a word which is analogous to that used in the case at bar. In such cases it is impracticable to appoint among all the relations, and the court confines itself to those persons who come within the description of next of kin. (Harding v. Glyn, 1 Atk. 469; Birch v. Wade, 3 V. & B. 198 ; Cole v. Wade, 16 Ves. 27.) But it is hold, not that the property passes under the Statute of Distributions, but that the court executes the power in the manner specified. As was said in Harding v. Glyn, the donee’s failure to appoint “ shall not make the devise void, but the power shall devolve on the court; and though this is not to pass by virtue of the Statute of Distributions, yet that is a good rule for the court to go by,” and the later cases adhere to this theory. We think this rule must be deemed to have been adopted in this State. In Dominick v. Sayre (supra) Judge Düer referred with approval to the English cases, but declined to apply the rule to the case of an appointment among the testator’s family, holding that this meant his own immediate family, as to which there was no uncertainty. In this he deviated from the English rule, which does not make the distinction (Cruwys v. Colman, 9 Ves. 319); but so far as the rule applies to a power to appoint among “relations” it was fully approved. The rule was — 158 — also recognized in Gallagher v. Crooks (132 N. Y. 338, 343), where the cases were cited, and the court said: “ It is well settled that the word (relations), when used in wills relating to personalty, only embraces persons within the Statute of Distribution.” It follows that those relatives of Daniel Devlin, comprised within the class of his next of kin, obtained a vested interest in the principal of the trust fund under the power in the 4th clause of his codicil, subject only to be diminished or defeated by a different appointment by Jeremiah .Devlin; consequently these relatives were entitled to the next eventual estate and the undisposed of income belongs to them. They take per capita not per stirpes (Dominick v. Sayre, supra, 571), and those who comprise the class at the time the income accrues are entitled to it. (Kilpatrick v. Johnson, supra, 326, 327.) In this case the income which was illegally accumulated was given to the children of certain of the testator’s daughters upon the death of the latter. Denio, J., said : “ I am of opinion that they take the whole of the interest upon their mother’s shares during the time they continue to be thus presumptively entitled. As to the children born subsequent to the testator’s death and those yet to be born they are to come in and share in the income which may accrue after they become presumptively entitled to a share of the next eventual estate in the principal of the fund.” We think the court below rightly disposed of the proceeds of the sale of the water lots. These were two lots upon which the trustees originally held two of the Phillips mortgages, aggregating about $25,000. In 1885 the mortgages were foreclosed and the trustees bought in the property. In 1893 Jeremiah Devlin, as surviving trustee, sold it to the defendant Felix for a sum less than the principal and interest of the original mortgages. The judgment directs that the proceeds of sale be apportioned between the principal and income of the trust fund in the ratio which the aggregate principal" of the mortgages bears to the whole unpaid interest. This was correct. The land represented the original investment in the mortgages, and its proceeds should be distributed in the same manner as though the mortgages were being foreclosed for the first time for the amount of the purchase price. It is well settled that where the interest upon mortgages is unpaid, and the premises are eventually sold, the sum received should be ratably apportioned between — 159 — principal and income. (2 Lewin Trusts [Am. ed. 1889], 1228 ; In re Moore, 54 L. J. Ch. 432; Hagan v. Platt, 48 N. J. Eq. 206.) This is not a case of devastavit; and cases like Cook v. Lowry (95 N. Y. 103) have no application. The next questions relate to the rights of the William Devlin estate with regard to certain mortgages assigned to Jeremiah Devlin as its executor. The O’Connor mortgage, for $7,560, may be first considered. This was executed by Thomas II. O’Connor in 1872, and became part of the trust fund in 1886. In 1893 Jeremiah Devlin, as surviving trustee of Daniel Devlin, assigned it to McAndrew. lie reassigned it to Jeremiah, as executor of William Devlin, who thereupon abstracted from the assets of William Devlin's estate a sum equal to the principal of the mortgage. At the time of such assignment interest was due from March, 1887. Subsequently to 1872, Angela M. Devlin, wife of Jeremiah, who had become the owner of the property, executed, with her husband, two other mortgages thereupon, which were acquired by the trustees, and were, in 1893, assigned by Jeremiah Devlin as surviving trustee, to McAndrew and by him satisfied. At the time McAndrew executed such assignment and satisfactions the interest on the mortgages was largely in arrears. The court has held that McAndrew did not acquire, by the assignments to him, any title to the unpaid interest on these mortgages; and that such interest remains a lien upon the premises superior to the lien of the O’Connor mortgage held by the William Devlin estate. That estate, on the other hand, claims to be a bona fide purchaser of the O’Connor mortgage for value, and to have a first lien upon the premises. Jeremiah Devlin, as surviving trustee, could not convey the interest to McAndrew in execution of the power contained in the 4th clause of the codicil. But he had the same power to sell this mortgage as to deal with any of the other assets of the estate, and any one purchasing for value from McAndrew, without knowledge of the facts, would get good title. The William Devlin estate claims to be such a purchaser, and we are inclined .to think that the contention is well founded. It undoubtedly paid value, for Jeremiah Devlin, as its executor, withdrew the amount of the purchase price from the funds of the estate. It is difficult to see how any knowledge is imputable to the estate which will impeach its title. Jere — 160 — miali Devlin could not, individually, have obtained title to the unpaid interest; but he was acting as executor, and we do not think that his knowledge was imputable to the beneficiaries of the William Devlin estate. He was not the agent either of William Devlin or the beneficiaries, but took the property as owner, liable to account as such to those ultimately entitled. (Schmittler v. Simon, 101 N. Y. 557; Ferrin v. Myrick, 41 id. 319.) We think the ease is the same in principle as though Jeremiah Devlin had taken the mortgage individually, and by an instrument inter vivos transferred it to the beneficiaries for the sum which he withdrew from the assets of the estate. In such a case the latter, if they took in good faith, would certainly acquire a perfect title. In somewhat analogous cases, where a trustee of two different funds unlawfully transferred moneys of one to the other to supply a deficiency, it lias been held that tire cesiuis que trust of the latter fund, having the legal title and an equally good equity, are entitled to retain it. (Thorndike v. Hunt, 28 L. J. Ch. 417 ; Taylor v. Blakelock, L. R. [32 Ch. Div.] 560.) The knowledge of the trustee is not imputed to the beneficiary in such a case. We think the present one is even stronger in favor of the purchaser. It should consequently have been decreed that the estate of William Devlin has a first lien upon the premises to the full extent of the mortgage for $7,560. The same considerations apply to the Eidgeway mortgage for $4,000. The pi^erty which it covered was originally owned by Phillips, who mortgaged it to the Daniel Devlin executors. The trustees acquired this mortgage, foreclosed it and bought in the property. Jeremiah Devlin, as surviving trustee, conveyed it to Eidgeway, taking back a purchase-money mortgage, the one in question. This he assigned to McAndrew in 1893, who reassigned it to him as executor of William Devlin. For the reasons stated the William Devlin estate should be held to have good title to this mortgage to its full extent. The ruling with reference to the two Shaw mortgages is also assailed. The premises which they cover were originally owned by O’Connor, who mortgaged them in 1872 to Daniel Devlin’s executors for $6,720. This mortgage became part of 'the trust fund in 1886. After its execution Angela M. Devlin became the owner of the property, and she and her husband Jeremiah executed two mort — 161 — gages thereon for $3,300 and $2,500, which were subsequently acquired by the trustees. In 1893, Jeremiah Devlin, as surviving trustee, assigned all three mortgages to McAndrew. The latter satisfied the two mortgages executed by Mr. and Mrs. Devlin, and reassigned the other to Jeremiah Devlin, as executor of William Devlin, who thereupon satisfied it. At the time McAndrew executed the assignment and the satisfactions, the interest on the mortgages, was largely in arrear. The title thus being clear, Mrs. Devlin conveyed the premises to Shaw, taking back two purchase-money mortgages for $1,000 each. The court has decreed that these mortgages, represent the unpaid interest on the three original ones, and that such interest must first be paid out of their proceeds. This case differs from the previous ones. The William Devlin estate may have originally obtained good title to the O’Connor mortgage for $6,720 ; but all such rights were destroyed when Jeremiah Devlin, as executor, satisfied it. It may be that, if this mortgage was satisfied without consideration, the William Devlin estate would be entitled to have it reinstated as against the recipients of the income of Daniel Devlin’s estate, who are before the court, and would be bound by the judgment. But no such claim is made or issue tendered in the answer of the ancillary executor of William Devlin. On the contrary, it is there distinctly alleged that the satisfaction of this mortgage “ was based upon a full and valid consideration proceeding from the estate of said William Devlin, and was proper in all other respects.” The language is somewhat peculiar, bat the intention not to assail the instrument is made clear. Instead of a demand being made for the cancellation of the satisfaction, any such intention is explicitly disclaimed. The natural inference from such a pleading is, that the mortgage was paid in full to the estate of William Devlin. The real contest is between the beneficiaries of the income on the one hand, and Angela M. Devlin on the other. She is in no position to urge that the lien of the unpaid interest was removed by the transfers to, and instruments executed by, McAndrew. It is found, and is not disputed, that the assignments and satisfactions executed by McAndrew were without consideration. Mrs. Devlin consequently paid nothing for the satisfaction of these mortgages upon her land, and hence took them subject to allequi — 162 — table rights of the recipients of the income of Daniel Devlin’s estate. We think, however, that the provisions of the judgment in this regard should be modified. The purchase price of the premises represented both the interest and principal of the original mortgages— the one as much as the other. It was consequently erroneous to order prior payment of the interest. There should have been an apportionment between principal and interest, as in the casé of the water lots. And it was the whole purchase price received by Mrs. Devlin, and not merely the mortgages, which thus stood for principal and interest. The amount thus received should be ratably apportioned between the principal and unpaid interest of the old mortgages. The amount due to interest should be thus determined and deducted out of the proceeds of the purchase-money mortgages. The principal remaining question relates to the correctness of the ruling that William Devlin’s estate is not liable for the mismanagement of the trust fund. We are unable to agree with the learned court below upon this point. The rule regarding the liability of executors and administrators, which is also applicable to trustees (Ormiston v. Olcott, 84 N. Y. 339) was thus stated in Nanz v. Oakley (120 id. 84, 89): “ One joint executor or administrator is not liable for the assets which come into the hands of the other, nor for the laches, waste, devastavit or mismanagement of his co-executor or co-administrator, unless he consents to or joins in an act resulting in loss to the estate, in which event he will become liable. In other words, co-executors and co-administrators may act either separately or in conjunction. They are jointly responsible for joint acts, and each is separately answerable for his separate acts and defaults.” Plainly, William Devlin and his estate cannot be absolved under such a rule. One fact alone would preclude such a result. It appears, and the court has found, that the original loan to Devlin & Co. was made with his knowledge. If he had this knowledge, he could certainly have prevented the loan, and is just as much liable for consenting to it as though he had been active in procuring it. And this loan was the principal breach of trust, which caused most, if not all, of the subsequent questionable transactions. It also appears that William Devlin participated, to a very considerable extent, in — 163 — the business of the trust, having access to and examining its books, and taking part in interviews where its affairs were under discussion. Among other things, lie became indorser upon the notes which Devlin & Co. originally gave for the moneys loaned it, and later took from Jeremiah Devlin a power of attorney of the mortgaged land for the protection of the trust. It also appears that the property was in the joint control of the two trustees; that all proceedings were taken in their joint names; and that William Devlin received his commissions as trustee. The evidence, in short, shows that, although Jeremiah was the more active of the trustees, yet that much of the business was being carried on by them jointly. In so far as William Devlin participated in illegal acts, from which loss resulted to the trust, his estate must respond in damages; and the judgment should have so provided, instead of absolving his estate from all liability. The details will be largely a matter to be adjusted on the accounting, in accordance with the principle laid down. The cases cited in opposition to this conclusion (Ormiston v. Olcott and Nanz v. Oakley, supra) differ very materially in their facts, as the trustee in those cases did not receive any of the trust estate, and held quite aloof from its affairs. We think the judgment should be modified by striking out the provision requiring the executors of Jeremiah Devlin to pay into court the amount of the preliminary deposit made by Felix on the purchase of the water lots. No reason appears why this claim stands on a different footing from any other debt due by the estate, or should, in case of insolvency, receive a preference. The judgment contains proper general provisions for the liquidation of the debt of the estate of Jeremiah Devlin, and no exception should be made with regard to this item. We also think the judgment should not have decreed the liability of Jeremiah Devlin’s estate for his failure to collect interest on the Phillips mortgages. Whether this interest, or all of it, was collectible, or whether it was prudent and justifiable for the trustees to withhold foreclosure as long as they did, were proper questions for the accounting. We have examined all the other points raised, but do not think the judgment requires correction in any of the particulars specified. The judgment should be modified as indicated in this opinion, — 164 — and as so modified affirmed, without costs of this appeal to either party. Ingraham and McLaughlin, JJ., concurred ; Van Brunt, P. J., and Bumsey, J., dissented in part.