Bull v. Bath Iron Works

Hirschberg, J.: The plaintiffs have recovered judgment for damages for breach ■of warranty in the speed of a steel steamship, known as the Winifred, constructed for them by the defendant under a written contract. The contract provided that the defendant agreed with the plaintiffs, the firm of Miller, Bull & Knowlton, for themselves and .as agents for others, “ to furnish all materials and build in a thorough and workmanlike manner one steel steamer, having a speed in smooth water of 10 knots when loaded to a draft of 18 feet 9 inches. To have a capacity of about 175,000 cubic feet, and about 3,800 tons dead weight capacity on a draft of between 18 feet 9 inches and 19 feet 3 inches.” The contract contained no provision for a speed test and none was made at the stipulated load, but when the vessel was completed it was delivered to the plaintiffs and accepted and paid for by them, without knowledge on their part or on the part of the defendant whether it was capable of maintaining a speed of ten knots in smooth water at a draft of eighteen feet nine inches. The vessel has ever since been in the plaintiffs’ charge and possession, but it was fully established upon the trial that she was mot at the time of completion and delivery or at any time subsequent •capable of making substantially the speed referred to under the •conditions named. Although I have reached the conclusion that there must be a new trial because of errors in ruling, I deem it important that the main question of law presented on the appeal should be determined. The appellant contends that the words relating to the speed of the vessel are merely descriptive of the article to be manufactured, and that, therefore, a failure in that regard is merely a failure to deliver the article contracted for which must be discovered at the time of delivery and the article rejected, or all claim for damages will be lost, while the respondents contend that the words embody a collateral warranty independent of the contract to construct and deliver the steamer, and that the engagement, therefore, survives acceptance so that damages may thereafter be recovered for the breach. The decisions in this State are not all consistent or harmonious, but I think the weight is with the contention of the respondents. In the case of Reed v. Randall (29 N. Y. 358), cited by the appellant, the contract was to deliver a crop of tobacco well cured — 382 — and in good condition, and the court held that this was the sale of a particular thing by its proper description merely; and that the descriptive words used for defining the thing agreed to be sold were of the substance of the contract, and not collateral to the main object of it. This case was distinguished in the subsequent decision of Parks v. Morris Ax & Tool Co. (54 N. Y. 586), and- the rule was laid down which has never since been departed from in this State,, however courts may have varied in applying it to differing facts, that, to quote the head note, t,: an executory contract for the sale of personal property may be with warranty, and where the warranty is as to its intrinsic quality, which mere observation or inspection will not determine, upon receipt and subsequent discovery of a breach, the vendee can recover upon the warranty; he is not bound to release or offer to return the property; a return, or its equivalent offer, is only necessary where a rescission of the contract is sought; it is. neither necessary nor admissible where a warranty simply is relied upon.” In that case the warranty related to the character of certain steel, which was to be “ equal in quality to any brand of English steel.” The court said (p. 590) : “ Obviously, mere inspection could not determine whether the steel delivered was the best ax cast-steel and equal in quality to any English brand. In order, therefore, to any substantial protection of its rights, the defendant was compelled to rely upon the warranty. * * * The case of Reed v. Randall (29 N. Y. 358) is not inconsistent with this view. All it decides is, that in an executory contract words of description are to be regarded as merely defining the thing sold and to be delivered, and as imposing conditions on the seller, which the buyer must see have been fulfilled before complete acceptance. * * * But that case does not deny that a warranty may accompany an executory contract and may be enforced as such, and where the warranty relates-not to the external characters of the article sold, but to its intrinsic quality, not the subject of the direct a/nd immediate observation of the senses, it is essential to the protection of the rights of the .party purchasing that the contract should have effect as -a warranty.” In Fairbank Canning Co. v. Metzger (118 N. Y. 260) the contract was for the delivery of dressed beef not heated before being killed. The court said (p. 264): “ In the absence of a warranty as — 383 — to quality and a breach, the defendant’s* claim for damages could not have survived the use of the property. For in such case vendees are bound to rescind the contract and return, or offer to return, the goods. If they omit to do so, they will be conclusively presumed to-have acquiesced in their quality. (Coplay Iron Company v. Pope, 108 N. T. 232.) * * * ‘ A warranty is an express or implied statement of something which a party undertakes shall be a part of a-contract, and, though part of the contract, collateral to the express, object of it.’ (2 Schouler on Personal Property, 327.) All contracts of sale, with warranty, therefore, must contain two independent stipulations: “ First. An agreement for the transfer of title and possession from the vendor to the vendee. “Second. A further agreement that the subject of the sale has-certain qualities and conditions. “It is not necessary that in the collateral agreement the word warranty should be used. No particular phraseology is requisite to-constitute a warranty. ‘It must be a representation which the vendee relies on and which is understood by the parties as an absolute assertion, and not the expression of an opinion.’ (Oneida-Manufacturing Society v. Lawrence, 4 Cow. 440.) It is not necessary that the vendor should have intended the representation to constitute a warranty. If the writing contains that which amounts-to a warranty, the vendor will not be permitted to say that he did not intend what his language clearly and explicitly declares. (Maw-kins v. Pemberton, 51 N. T. 198.) * * * Now, in the case, before us, the defendants undertook to purchase of the plaintiff fresh dressed beef to be wholesaled in part and the residue retailed to their customers. * * * Not only did they contract for beef that was clean; well-dressed, in first-class condition in every respect,, and merchantable, and that was thoroughly chilled before being loaded on the cars, but further, that they should not be given' beef that had been heated before being killed. When, therefore, the plaintiff placed in a suitable car beef well-dressed and clean, and of the general description given in defendants’ order, it had made a delivery of the merchandise sold, and by the terms of the contract was entitled to be paid as soon as the bill should reach defend- — 384 — ants and before the arrival of the beef made an examination by-defendants possible. But there was (mother collateral engagement, and yet forming a part of the contract which the plaintiff had not performed. * * * It was of such a character that defendants were obliged to rely solely upon the representation of the plaintiff in respect thereto. The plaintiff or its agents selected from their stock the cattle to be slaughtered. No one- else knew, or could know, whether they were heated and feverish. Inspection immediately after placing the beef in the car would not determine it. That collateral engagement consisted of a representation and agreement that plaintiff would deliver to the defendants beef from cattle that had not been lieated.before being slaughtered. Such representation and agreement amounted to an express warranty.” I have quoted extensively from these two cases because they seem decisive of the question under consideration. The precise thing which the defendant here agreed to manufacture and deliver was a- steel steamer, which, in size, capacity, material and constrnctiqn should conform to the specifications. Whether or not she did so conform when completed was a matter which could be easily determined by observation, measurement and inspection, and by the terms of the contract the plaintiffs were then required to take and pay for. the vessel. But there was a separate engagement with respect to her speed when loaded, which, while' an important part of the contract, was one, the fulfillment of which could only be determined by actual use, and which the parties must, therefore, have contemplated should survive- the mere acceptance of the vessel as an article which in its. physical construction visibly followed the description of the contract. The appellant cites the case of Oregon Improvement Co. v. Roach(117 N. T. 527) where the agreement was to build a steamship to carry tc dead weight of one thousand two hundred and fifty tons freight and coal on thirteen and one-half feet draft,” and wherein it was held that such a provision was not a collateral warranty as to the quality or condition of the ship, but a part of the description of the thing to be. made and delivered under the contract. But - manifestly there, is an essential difference between the capacity and the. speed of. a ship. The one is determined by .the precise, specifications of the contract, the other by the builder’s knowledge of what the — 385 — specified materials will accomplish in achievement; the one is extrinsic, the other intrinsic; the one physical, a matter of size, the other ideal, a matter of performance; the one relates to what the object constructed is, the other to what it can do ; the one is, therefore, a mere description, the other a promise, an assurance — a warranty. This general difference is recognized in many of the authorities and distinguishes words of description of the article to be sold or manufactured from those which carry an assurance of quality or power which the vendor or maker undertakes shall accompany and be a part of it. For further illustration of the principle involved, see Freeman v. Baker (5 C. & P. 475); Milburn v. Belloni (39 N. Y. 53); Hawkins v. Pemberton (51 id. 198); Day v. Pool (52 id. 416); Gurney v. Atlantic & Great Western Ry. Co. (58 id. 358); Dounce v. Dow (64 id. 411); White v. Miller (71 id. 118); Kent v. Friedman (101 id. 616); Swain v. Schieffelin (134 id. 471). The cases on which the appellant relies other than those already considered are distinguishable. In Gaylord Manufacturing Co. v. Allen (53 N. Y. 515) the, court found that the evidence clearly showed (p. 519) “ that the quality of the eastings was patent and easily to be discerned upon inspection and attempt to use them, and that the defendant had full opportunity to and did examine them and know their quality.” In Coplay Iron Company v. Pope (108 N. Y. 232) it was held that an agreement to deliver Fío. 1 extra foundry pig iron of- the Goplay Iron Company (Limited) make, involved no collateral warranty or agreement as to quality but related only to a sale of property by its name. Studer v. Bleistein (115 N. Y. 316) related to the detail, general design and effect of lithographic plates to be furnished, and it was held that a deliberate and intentional acceptance by the vendee after full inspection estopped him from claiming damages for visible and discernible defects in the absence of a warranty of quality intended to survive acceptance. The same principle controlled the decisions in Pierson v. Crooks (115 N. Y. 539) and Mason v. Smith (130 id. 474). In Chambers v. Lancaster (160 id. 342) the question does not appear to have been presented oi considered, the decision resting upon a finding that there was an election by the vendee to accept' with full knowl — 386 — edge of the imperfections; and Waeber v. Talbot (167 N. Y. 48) was a case of implied warranty which was held not to survive acceptance where there was a well-known mode of inspection of the goods, which it was the custom of the trade to make. The conclusion reached, therefore, is that in this case the words, in question import a warranty, but, as I have said, there were unfortunately some errors in the ruling. The measure of damages was the difference between the market value of the steamship as she was and as she was warranted to be. (Slocovich v. Orient Mut. Ins. Co., 108 N. Y. 56 ; Hooper v. Story, 155 id. 171.) Whether experts on the question of value may be permitted to give on their examination in chief the reasons and bases of their estimates and the extent to which such an inquiry may be pursued does not appear to be definitely and authoritatively settled in this State.. Conceding, however, that it was proper to permit proof in the first instance that a vessel of the Winifred's size and speed could not procure the most profitable form of employment, known as time charters, and that such proof was competent as bearing on the quéstion of market value, it was certainly improper to allow substantive-proof of actual inability on the plaintiffs’ part to obtain time charters. The plaintiffs were allowed to prove generally that they were-unable to obtain time charters for the vessel, but no proof was. made in that connection that such failure was because of lack of speed in the vessel. Aside from the fact that the defendant could not be reasonably expected to meet proof of this character, the evidence is open to the objections stated in Hanehard v. N. J. Steamboat Co. (59 N. Y. 292) and in Matter of Thompson (127 id. 463, 468) that it makes in each instance a separate issue distinct, from the main issue, and involves a comparison with the .value, of other vessels which are not the subject of the immediate inquiry. It was also error to allow the plaintiffs to prove as a fact that a. charter made by them with the yew York and Porto Rico Steamship Company for a period of six months was broken by. the latter at the end of two months because the vessel did not develop the-speed which the plaintiffs guaranteed. There was no proof as to the speed . guaranteed or .that it was not in excess of ten knots an hour. The law limits the plaintiffs’ damages to the actual difference, in market value as stated, and the jury should not be permitted to — 387 — speculate, as they may have done in spite of the careful charge of the learned trial justice, upon items of additional special damage not pleaded and not having any pertinent place in the lawful determination of the controversy. The vessel was built by the plaintiffs and the defendant on shares and at actual cost;, a sharp rise in values followed its delivery owing to the Spanish-American War; the steamship has been in constant use by the plaintiffs in trade and commerce; and the verdict if not excessive is certainly very large. Under such circumstances the court may very well apply the rule lately enforced in the first department in McIlwaine v. Metropolitan Street R. Co. (74 App. Div. 496), that where the jury awards a verdict so large as to border on what would be an excessive amount, a new trial should be granted foi* an error in the reception or rejection of evidence relating to the question of damages, even though the erroneous ruling might be disregarded in other cases upon the ground that no substantial prejudice resulted therefrom. The defendant is the owner of one-quarter of the boat. Inadvertently the attention of the jury was not called to this fact upon the final submission of the case, and the verdict was probably the entire amount of the damages assessed instead of three-quarters, as it should have been. There are other matters connected with the evidence received which are open to criticism, but as they will doubtless be corrected on a new trial in view of the full discussion had upon the argument, a detailed consideration of them is not deemed necessary. The judgment and order should be reversed. All concurred. Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted,. costs to abide the event. I Footnotes [*] Sic