In re Cook

Smith, J. : The right of the appellant to question this order upon appeal seems apparent. The statute requires the bank to bé made a party to the proceedings, and, by the order entered,, the security held by the bank has been discharged. Against such an order the bank has a material interest to defend. Nor need we consider whether this statute was intended to affect past transactions. It will hardly be questioned that it would have such effect unless it took away vested rights. The sole question,, therefore, for our consideration is upon the appellant’s challenge of the statute as an unauthorized exercise of legislative power. There is a practical agreement between counsel as to the "general rules by which the validity of a statute is to be determined. That the obligation of contracts cannot be impaired is the plain direction of the Federal Constitution (Art. 1, § 10, subd. 1); on the other hand, that a statute of limitations may be prescribed when none before existed, or that an existing statute of limitations may ..'be modified by an act reducing the time within which an action may be brought is not questioned, provided only that a reasonable time [589] he left after the passage of the act within which an action may be brought. The respondent’s claim is to the effect that this statute is in its nature a statute of limitations, while the contention of the-appellant is that the statute goes further and impairs the obligation of its contract. By the certificate of deposit in question the appellant agreed to pay to the order of Clarissa Cook $5,400 with interest if left six months. It. is not claimed that this makes a demand note which is due at once or within a reasonable time, so that the Statute of Limitations runs. It has been held, and it must be conceded, that apart from the statute in question this paper might well be held for such a length of time as the holder might choose, during which time it would bear interest, and until the presentation of the same the obligation does not become due, and the Statute of Limitations does not begin to run. (See Payne v. Gardiner, 29 N. Y. 146 ; Cottle v. Marine Bank, 166 id. 58.) In the case last cited, Landon, J., in writing for the court, speaking of a certificate of deposit, says: But in this case the paper requires payment upon a specified condition, namely, 'to his (the depositor’s) order hereon,’ and the demand must correspond with the obligation of payment, and that requires the presentation of the certificate to the bank, properly indorsed, unless the bank should waive the indorsement.” If a statute were passed making the bank liable upon such a paper without demand, its effect as a material modification of the contract would hardly be questioned. To add to the contract, as has been attempted by this statute, a requirement that under certain conditions the holder of the paper must present his paper to the bank under penalty of a forfeiture of his contract seems to me np less a modification of the contract made by the parties; and I am unable to see any principle of law upon which the Legislature can be claimed to hold this power to alter a contract made. This statute has in it no element of a statute of limitations. Upon the publication of the notices as required by the statute, the holder of the certificate is bound to present his certificate to the bank.. If he does present the certificate he is not required to receive payment thereon, nor is it declared that it shall become due, from which time the Statute of Limitations begins to run. He is simply required to hold up his hand and say, “ I have this certificate,” [590] and for failure to do this, although he has had no actual notice of the order made, his contract is rescinded, and he lias no claim under a contract for which he has paid a full consideration. Nor should the court hesitate to declare this statute void by reason of a single hardship in a particular case. Thousands of certificates are held by women to whom the notice contemplated by the statute would never come, but whose property might be confiscated by unscrupulous-assignors who might swear that the certificate had been lost and get from the bank the money that in truth belonged to the real holder of the certificate. The- assignee of a certificate might go to Europe for a four months’ trip, and come home to find his property confiscated. The only case cited by the respondent immediately bearing upon the question here argued is the case of Vance v. Vance (108 U. S-514). It had been provided by the Civil Code of Louisiana (Art-354) that the property of a tutor (guardian) was tacitly mortgaged in favor of a minor as security for his administration. The Constitution of Louisiana, adopted in 1868, provided (Art. 123) as follows : “No mortgage or privilege shall hereafter affect third parties-unless recorded in the parish where the property to be affected, is situated. The tacit mortgages and privileges now existing in this State shall cease to have effect against third ■ persons after the first day of January, eighteen hundred and seventy, unless duly recorded. The General Assembly shall provide by law for the registration of all mortgages and privileges.” ' Upon the 8th day of March,, 1869, the Legislature of Louisiana enacted the necessary legislation to carry out .the provision of the State Constitution. ■ (See Laws-of Louisiana of 1869, chap,. 95.) This provision of the Constitution was thereafter challenged by a minor who had become of age-on the ground that it took from him a security, thereby impairing the obligation of his contract with his tutor. The United States Supreme Court there held that it in no way destroyed the contract between the minor and the tutor; that it was simply a-recording act, making the secret lien void as against those who-dealt with the tutor without knowledge thereof, and the court there-followed prior authorities in the same court which authorized the-enactment of recording acts affecting existing contracts for the-protection of bona fide purchasers dealing with a party without [591] knowledge of the secret lien. The act in question, however, is not for the protection of bona fide purchasers. The reasoning upon which the constitutional provision in the case cited was justified by the court is in no way applicable to the case at bar. A party has lost the evidence of his right to recover. The penalty to the loser is no greater than if the money itself had been lost. I can find no justification in public necessity for the act in question. , It may he argued that the Code of Civil Procedure (§ 1911) provides for the recovery upon lost paper by a requirement that a bond may be given and that the statute in question is no more an impairment of the obligation of a contract than the statute providing for the recovery upon a lost note. But the right to recover upon a lost instrument upon the giving of indemnity does not rest upon the statute. The right has always existed in a court of equity to provide for the saving of the rights of the owner of a lost instrument by the giving of indemnify. In Rowley v. Ball (3 Cow. 303) the right was recognized in a court of equity, but was denied to a court of law, and the statute was enacted for the sole purpose of giving to a court of law the same power to allow a recovery as existed without the statute in a court of equity. (See 2 R. S. 406, §§ 75, 76 ; and note of the revisers in 3 R. S. [2d ed.] 738. See also Throop’s Code Civ. Proc. [ed. 1880] § 1917, and his note.) The statute in question offers no indemnity to the party whose rights are abrogated. It attempts to divest the owner of such a certificate of his property upon a condition not named in the contract, in clear contravention, as I think, of the rights guaranteed to him by the State and Federal Constitutions: The question here arises upon a certificate issued before the passage of the statute herein discussed. An entirely different question might arise upon a certificate issued after its passage, upon which it is unnecessary here to express an opinion. The order should, therefore, be reversed. All concurred, except Chester, J., dissenting; Kellogg, J., not voting. Final order reversed, with costs.