People ex rel. Appel v. Zimmerman

Spring, J.: The relator is a retail dealer of tobacco in the city of Rochester. On the 26th day of May, 1904, and before the act complained of became operative, he purchased of EL P. Brewster, a wholesale dealer of tobacco in said city, the tobacco which he sold to one Nolan on July 6, 1904, resulting in his arrest. The tobacco was shipped to said Brewster by the American Tobacco Company, a foreign corporation engaged in the manufacture of' tobacco. It was — 105 — put up in a cloth bag containing one and two-thirds ounces. The package was closed at the top with a string, and pasted over it was an internal revenue stamp, further fastened by a label girding the entire package. The bag contained a coupon ticket entitling the holder, upon the presentation of a certain number of tickets to the Lloradora Tag Company of St. Louis, Mo., to a choice of presents enumerated in a catalogue furnished to the holder upon application. The ticket is not redeemable in cash, and there is no guaranty of its redemption by the tobacco company or by the local dealers. The statute mentioned defines the transaction as a crime, and its constitutionality is assailed by the relator. The method of inducing trade by giving stamps redeemable in merchandise to the purchasers has become very extensive, and the device has developed in a variety of ways. The practice has been quite vigorously assailed, especially by those who have suffered from it in trade competition, and the Legislature, possibly under the spur of this opposition, has endeavored in the guise of regulating the business to curtail it so effectively as to be equivalent to its prohibition. It is not a novel expedient for the Legislature to interfere with trade. The pretext for this kind of legislation is that the public health and public morals will be conserved thereby. If the pretext is founded in reason, the law will be upheld, for the preservation of the public health calls into requisition the police power of the State; and if fairly within the elastic scope of that power, the courts are earnest to join with the Legislature to give validity to any enactment which promotes the welfare of the public. If, however, the legislation is for the preference of one class of tradesmen above another or is designed to destroy or hamper one kind of business because its successful prosecution has resulted to the detriment of others in competition, the attempt has invariably been opposed by the courts on the ground that the legislation is in contravention of the fundamental law. (People v. Gillson, 109 N. Y. 389, 398 ; People v. Marx, 99 id. 377; Slaughter-House Cases, 16 Wall. 36,106 ; City of Buffalo v. Collins Baking Co., 39 App. Div. 432.) In Matter of Jacobs (98 N. Y. 98) the court reviewed and condemned with much clearness and elaboration legislation of this character. An act had been passed (Laws of 1884, chap. 272) “ to — 106 — improve the public health by prohibiting the manufacture of cigars * * * in tenement-houses.” The act was justified on the grounds that it did not deprive any person of his property; that it was a regulation of the business, and that it was within the compass of the police power. The court, however, held that the enforcement of the law would be an infringement upon the personal and property rights of the individual. In commenting upon the limitations of the police power and after reviewing the authorities the court say (at p. 110): “ These citations are sufficient to show that the police power is not without limitations, and that in its exercise the Legislature must respect the great fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. If this were otherwise the power of the Legislature would be practically without limitation. In the assumed exercise of the police power in the interest of the health, the welfare or the safety of the public, every right of the citizen might be invaded and every constitutional barrier swept away.” In People v. Marx (99 N. Y. 377) and in Schollenberger v. Pennsylvania (171 U. S. .1) there was up for consideration in each instance a statute absolutely prohibiting the manufacture'or the sale of oleomargarine. The article -was then in extensive use, was a healthful, palatable product and put on the market on its merits and without disguising its composition. The statute considered in each case was held to be an unlawful interference with the right of a person to engage in a legitimate industrial pursuit or trade. Statutes (Laws of 1897, chap. 415, §§ 180-184, as amd. by Laws of 1899, chap. 558 and Laws of 1903, chap. 151; Penal Code, § 384m), passed with a view to regulate horseshoeing and which were endeavored to be sustained as a proper exercise of the police power, were held invalid. (People v. Beattie, 96 App. Div. 383.) So an ordinance of the city of Buffalo fixing absolutely the weight of each loaf of bread baked for sale and prescribing a penalty for its violation was held to be an unreasonable exercise of the police power and an unlawful interference with the rights of individuals engaged in selling loaves of a different weight from that fixed by the ordinance. (City of Buffalo v. Collins Baking Co., 39 App. Div. 432.) We have referred to these authorities for the purpose of emphasizing the proposition that the constitutional provisions insuring a — 107 — person the largest liberty in his business, if only it be lawful and not violative of the public welfare, are still maintained in their integrity. By chapter 691 of the Laws of 1887 section 335a was added to the Penal Code prohibiting the selling of any article of food upon the advertisement or inducement that anything was to be delivered connected with the transaction as a gift or reward to the purchaser, and a violation of the act was made a misdemeanor. A defendant was convicted of a violation of this statute in delivering with two pounds of coffee two checks entitling the purchaser to a choice of certain articles on a counter and in his full view and he received a cup and saucer connected with his purchase. The judgment of conviction was reversed by the Court of Appeals. (People v. Gillson., supra.) The court held that the enactment traversed the clause of the Constitution* which prevented the deprivation of a person’s life, liberty or property without due process of law.” The court say (at p. 398): “ The following propositions are firmly established and recognized; a person living under our Constitution has the right to adopt and follow such lawful industrial pursuit, not injurious to the community, as he may see fit. The term ‘ liberty ’ as used in the Constitution is not dwarfed into mere freedom from physical restraint of the person of the citizen as by incarceration, but is deemed to embrace the right of man to be free in the enjoyment of the faculties with which he has been endowed by his Creator, subject only to such restraints as are necessary for the common welfare. Liberty, in its broad sense, as understood in this country, means the right not only of freedom from servitude, imprisonment or restraint, but the light of one to use his faculties in all lawful ways, to live and work where he will, to earn his livelihood in an}-- lawful calling and to pursue any lawful trade or avocation.” An endeavor was made in that case to uphold the statute by an appeal to the police power of the State, but after a very careful review of the authorities and of the power on principle the court held that the act could not be sustained as a police regulation. In commenting upon the suggestion that the act merely regulated trade the court used this language (at p. 405): “ Equally unfounded — 108 — js £]pe assumption that the law is valid as a law regulating trade and for the prevention of fraud and deception. It has no tendency to prevent either, and its regulation of trade is' a mere arbitrary, unreasonable and illegal interference with the liberty of the citizen in his pursuit of a livelihood by engaging in a perfectly valid business conducted in a perfectly proper manner.” We, therefore, start out with the proposition that the defendant in offering and giving a prize as a gratuity to induce the purchase of tobacco was engaging in a lawful business, and any act which hampered or interfered with this transaction was repugnant to the clauses of the Constitution of the United States and of our own State, which guaranteed him liberty of person and property in carrying on a lawful vocation. (U. S. Const. 14th amende § 1; State Const, art. 1, § 6.) By chapter 768 of the Laws of 1900 another section was added to the Penal Code (§ 384p). This statute prohibited issuing .trading stamps to any person in trade or business, with the promise that any valuable thing would be given to the person tendering the stamps unless the person issuing the stamps received the value of such tiling from such person, and also prohibited the distribution of trading stamps in consideration of any article or thing purchased unless such stamps were issued by a merchant or manufacturer with his own goods and were redeemed by him. This statute in effect was expected to destroy the trading stamp business, for the things forbidden were part and parcel of the enterprise. Inasmuch as the right of a person in trade to give something additional to a purchaser with the article sold, as an inducement to the purchase, had been held in the Gillson case to be legitimate and protected by the Constitution it would seem as if the section referred to was plainly within the condemnation of the spirit of that decision. The statute came up for review in People ex rel. Madden v. Dycker (72 App. Div. 308), and the court, following the case mentioned and kindred authorities in other States, held that the act was invalid. Thereupon the present statute (Laws of 1904, chap. 657) was added to the Penal Code (§ 384q), leaving the other sections unrepealed. This statute in brief prohibits dealing in trading stamps or coupon tickets unless the stamp or device “shall have legibly — 109 — printed or written upon the face thereof the redeemable value thereof” in money. (Subd. 1.) The second subdivision requires that the ticket or stamp upon presentation be redeemed in goods or money at the option of the holder if presented “in number or quantity aggregating in money value not less than five cents in each lot,” and persons engaged in trade, who distribute such stamps or devices, upon the failure of the person charged with redemption to redeem as aforesaid, shall be liable for the face value thereof (Subd. 3), and a violation of the provisions of the act is also a misdemeanor (Subd. 4). We have, consequently, if this new effort is to be upheld, a perfectly lawful business emasculated, for the pivot on which it turns is the promise to deliver some article of merchandise to the purchaser as an inducement to the purchase, and if money is to be the gratuity then that ends the business for that would mean that the seller reduces the purchase price in each instance by a definite sum. The rock on which the system is built is the redemption of the stamps in merchandise. The enormous quantities of this merchandise disposed of enables the company of redemption, acting for a multitude of business concerns, to purchase very close to actual cost so that each person or firm in trade is not called upon to contribute the full sum with which it would he chargeable upon a cash redemption. While, therefore, the present statute is sought to be vindicated as a mere regulation of the traffic it is apparent that if the ticket must be redeemed in money the business must cease and the statute is consequently prohibitory. It is urged that the statute is within the range of the police power on the ground that it is in support of good morals. That same argument was considered in the Oillson case. It is not more against good morals to issue a ticket redeemable in merchandise than to redeem in money or merchandise at the election of the holder. The pith of each transaction is a gift to the purchaser and as an inducement to secure trade and generally for cash, for in most instances payment for the goods is a prerequisite to the delivery of the trading stamp or coupon ticket. It may be that the trading stamp business tends to demoralize trade. It may be that people in moderate or straitened circumstances are prone to purchase beyond their means by the incitement of a gift after a stated amount has been expended. The farmer who attends — 110 — an auction sale is often disposed to buy what he does not need led along by the competition in the bidding or by the fact that time is allowed on the purchase. If a grocer of the city of Rochester should reduce the price of flour or coffee below cost it might tend to the demoralization of the grocery trade in that city and would certainly be exasperating to his competitors. These slight derelictions may be imprudent, but they are not the subject of legislative control. It is fundamental that the widest scope is accorded to the individual in the prosecution of his business, if only that business be lawful and be conducted in a lawful manner. But the moral question is eliminated by subdivision 5 of the act-which excludes from its provisions tickets or coupons issued by a. merchant or manufacturer in his own name and redeemable by him. It cannot be so reprehénsible as to be a crime to issue a coupon ticket redeemable by a third person, but be without sin .to issue one redeemable by the seller of the goods. A similar statute. (Pub.'Laws R. I. chap. 652) was considered by'the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island (State v. Dalton, 22 R. I. 77; 48 L. R. A. 7.75) and held to be an invasion of the liberty of the individual and not sustainable under the police power. The present act is sought to be distinguished from those condemned in some of the cases referred to because in those cases the merchandise to be given away upon the presentation of the ticket, was in the plain view of the purchaser. The distinction is more fanciful than genuine for there can be little difference in selecting from sight or from a catalogue. In any event the purchaser when he buys knows that he will get the names of the prizes or gift, articles from the catalogue and of a company not readily accessible to him. There is no deception. The prizes given by the publishers, of the Youths' Companion or the Ladies' Home Journal or other publications as an inducement to subscribe for the periodical are-not in full view, but are described in pamphlets or in the publication itself. The transaction is not unlawful on that account for the-, subscriber is not deceived. He buys, knowing the place where liéis to get his prize, and depends upon the printed description for his knowledge of it. There is no suggestion of a fraudulent purpose-in the present scheme, unless accompanying the delivery of the-goods purchased with the promise to give something additional is. — 111 — fraudulent. There is no pretense that the coupon ticket is not redeemable in accordance with the promise it contains. In a nutshell, therefore, the present statute is only designed tc debar the giving of anything of value by a tradesman with the goods he sells, the gift being delivered by and pursuant to an arrangement with a separate company, and that kind of a transaction honestly carried out cannot be prevented by the Legislature. There is another infirmity in the statute which we apprehend renders it invalid. By subdivision 5, as already noted, the business of dealing in trading stamps is reserved for the merchant or manufacturer. This creates a preferential class. The vice it seems is not in alluring one to buy by promise of a gift, but in permitting the promise to be fulfilled by another than the seller. It is a narrow-ledge for the distinction to rest upon when in one instance^ the transaction is subject to legislative control to the extent of confiscation, while in the other it goes without let or hindrance. If the seller, by arrangement with a responsible company, secures the performance of the agreement and the arrangement is satisfactory to the buyer, it would seem that such a plan ought not to be made a crime, while redemption by the merchant or manufacturer is deemed an honest transaction. The statute is not founded on the moral plane pretended, but belongs to that class of legislation designed to drive out of business a successful competitor. The transaction aimed at does not come within the compass of those authorities which have justly gone far in restricting the adulteration of food products. (Peoples v. Girard, 145 N. Y. 105 ; People v. Arensberg, 105 id. 123 ; People v. Cipperly, 101 id. 634, and People v. Niagara Fruit Co., 75 App. Div. 11; affd. on opinion below, 173 N. Y. 629.) The adulteration of foods is deleterious to health and is a deception and a fraud on the purchaser. A nutritious food, however, like oleomargerine, sold for what it really is, cannot, as already suggested, be tabooed by the Legislature simply because it resembles butter and its sale may tend to lessen the selling price of the latter article. One or two propositions may be regarded as settled by authority. The police power while suificiently comprehensive to meet most every exigency involving the public health, safety or morals, is subsidiary to the Constitution. When the purpose is plainly to sub-serve the public in some of the respects named, the legislative enact — 112 — ment will be sustained, for legislative control is supreme providing it keeps within the limitations of the Constitution. But it is also a landmark of our Constitution that the individual is permitted to engage in any lawful pursuit in a legitimate and honorable manner and he is above interference even by the Legislature if he keeps within the limits suggested. . We have very grave doubts of the right to convipt the defendant in this case in any event. He purchased the tobacco in good faith and had it in his possession long before the statute upon which the arrest is founded became operative. When the law first came into force he consequently had property on hand which he was rightfully entitled to sell. In order to extract the coupon from the bag in which it was contained it would be necessary to tear off the revenue ,s,tamp and the label. The effect of the statute, therefore, if valid, was substantially to confiscate or destroy all the property he had on hand in these bags and which contained coupon tickets not placed there by him but by the manufacturer. (People ex rel. McPike v. Van De Carr, 178 N. Y. 425.) However, we prefer to place our decision upon the invalidity of the act itself. The order should be affirmed. All concurred. Order affirmed. Footnotes [*] Art. 1, % 6.- [R~a'.