In re Martens

Rich, J.: Claus Herman Martens died testate on April 29, 1904, the owner of real property of the value of $43,350, subject to a mort — 51 — gage of $5,000, and personal property of the value of $23,926.35. By the 2d subdivision of his will he devised to the respondent (his widow) unincumbered real property of the value of $5,500. The 3d subdivision provides: “ 1 give and bequeath unto my said beloved wife Theresa Martens out of the remainder of my real ■ and personal estate the sum of Fifteen thousand dollars.” The 4th subdivision is in the following language: “I do hereby declare and intend that the. provisions' herein made by me for my said Avife to be in lieu of dower and all right thereto and to be accepted by her as such.” These -are the only provisions of the will referring to the respondent (other than one appointing her executrix and trustee) or to the property devised and bequeathed to her. The Avill was admitted to probate by the surrogate of Kings county on June 6, 1904. February 18, 1905, the respondent filed in the office of the surrogate of Kings county her written, election to accept the provisions of the will in her favor in lieu of dower, and presented a petition to the Surrogate’s Court showing among other things that her coexecutor (the appellant) Avas willing that the legacy of $15,000 be paid at once, without interest. The respondent claimed that she was entitled to interest on the legacy from the date of the death of her husband, and the question as to whether she Avas correct in this contention was submitted to the surrogate for decision, .who thereafter decided that she was entitled to interest from the date of the death of her husband at the rate of five per centum per annum, and directed the entry of an order accordingly. From the order so entered this appeal is taken. We do not regard this question as an open one in this State since the decision of Matter of Barnes (7 App. Div. 13; affd., 154 N. Y. 737), in which the principle involved here was the question decided. In that case the testator gave to his widow absolutely a legacy of $150,000 •“ in lieu of all other interest, dower or distributive share, of my estate.” Mr. Justice Ingraham, writing for the court, after con- • sidering a number of cases in this and other States, reached the conclusion that where a gross sum is given to a wife, in lieu of dower, over which she has the absolute right of disposition, such gross sum takes the place of the dower interest; and such legacy does not become due and payable or draw interest until the expiration of one year from the date of the issue of letters testamentary, in the ’ — 52 — absence of' a contrary intention of the -testator, plainly expressed in the will, that -the legacy should be paid before the time fixed by law for its payment. '■ Presiding Justice Van Brunt, in his concurring opinion, says : '“The testator, by his will; gave to his. wife a legacy of $150,000. He knew that this legacy could not be paid until one year after the issuance of- letters testamentary, and he is presumed to have had this fact in mind in fixing the amount. The court has no authority to make this legacy $159,000, in opposition to the express direction of the testator that it should be $150,000. Interest is a penalty imposed because of a default in the payment.of money which is due, and there is no instance to be found in which interest can be charged where there is no default.” In this case the respondent, was. given real property of the value of $5,500 and a legacy of $15,000' in -lieu of dower; and there is nothing in the will' to indicate any intention on the part of the testator that the legacy should be paid before the- expiration of the year; on the contrary; the fact that, the legacy is made payable from the “remainder of my real and personal estate,” which was insufficient to pay it, in the first instance, without recourse to the . sale of the securities of which it largely consisted, the realization, of the required money from the conversion of which the testator must have known ■ would require considerable time, warrants the presumption that the testator did not intend an earlier payment. Iii addition the testator appointed the respondent his executrix, and her fees as such were largely in excess of the interest upon 'her legacy for the year its payment was deferred, and devised her a home, to the possession and occupancy of which she was immediately entitled, and it may Well be that he had thesé facts in mind' in her appointment and thus compensated her for the loss of such interest. (Thorn v. Garner, 113 N. Y. 198, 205.) The learned surrogate, while admitting that his decision is in conflict with the conclusion reached by the Appellate Division in Matter of Barnes (supra), relies upon the decision in Stevens v. Melcher (80 Hun, 514; affd. by the Court of Appeals, 152 N. Y. 551), .his view being that the principle established by that decision, that a legacy to- a wife in lieu ef dower is not within the general mile that interest upon a pecuniary legacy does not begin to- run — 53 — until one year after the grant of letters testamentary, but draws interest from the death of the testator, was not reversed or changed by the later decision of both courts in Matter of Barnes; that the two cases must be- regarded as presenting different questions, which, he finds by assuming that in the Barnes case there was nothing showing that the deceased left any real property; hence, as he says, the element of purchase implied in a legacy in lieu of dower asserted by the court in Stevens v. Melcher (supra) was wanting, while in the case-at bar the real estate formed a major part of' the estate owned by the testator at the time of his death; the purchase price of the widow’s dower would have amounted to a large sum. Stevens v. Melcher was decided by the General Term of the first department in October, 1894, and by the Court of Appeals on April 20, 1897. Matte,r of Barnes was decided by the Appellate Division of the first department at its June term, 1896, and by the Court of Appeals on October 26, 1897. Mr. Justice Yan Brunt was the presiding justice of the General Term when the former case Was decided, and of the Appellate Division when the latter case was decided, in which he wrote a concurring opinion. There were a number of questions involved in the Stevens case, and two only in the Barnes case, viz., whether a legacy to a widow in lien of dower drew interest from the death of the testator, in the absence of a plainly expressed intent in the will to that effect, and whether the sum of $2,000 appropriated by the executor to the erection of a monument was excessive. The question as to the time when interest began to run in the Stevens case was not specifically considered, or the views of the Court .of Appeals expressed on that question. It is manifest that the two cases were regarded by the appellate courts as not presenting the same facts, and that the decision in the former did not control the later case, but the difference and distinction stated by the surrogate and urged by counsel is not supported by the facts, and we must look elsewhere for the real ground that removes the Ba/rnes case from the decision in the Stevens case. . The word “dower” has a well-defined and generally understood legal meaning. It is “ that portion of lands or tenements which the wife hath for the term of her life of the lands or tenements of her husband after his decease, for the sustenance of herself and the — 54 — nurture and education of her children.” (14 Cyc. 880.) If the husband owns- no land at the time - of his decease his death vests no right of dower in his widow, except as to lands alienated by him in the conveyance of which his wife did not join. From the fact that the legacy given by the testator in the Barnes case to his widow expressly states that it is “ in lieu of all' other interest, dower or distributive share, of my estate,” the presumption necessarily follows that the testator oymed real property in which, in the absence of such legacy, she had and was entitled to dower. The will did not appear in the reported case in either court, but the records of- cases in the Court of Appeals on file in the State Law Library at Albany contain the will and show that it was á will of both real and personal property, and such fact is conceded in the briefs of counsel. (N. Y. Ct. App. Cas. & Br. Counsel, N. Y, St. Law Lib., vol. 2127, No. 9, p. 2; Id. applt.’s brief, p. 5.) When the Barnes case reached the Court of Appeals the attention of the court was directed to the decision of the General Term in Stevens v. Melcher, then pending in that court on appeal. Later, after that court had affirmed the decision of the General Term in the Stevens case, counsel for the appellant moved for a rearguinent in the Barnes case, and filed a brief, in which he called the attention of the court to its affirmance of the Stevens case as the ground of his motion ; counsel for the respondent submitted a brief in reply, in which he argued that the difference in the phraseology of the will in the one case from that in the other distinguished the decisions and afforded nogrotmd for tiie reargument asked for; that the decision in the Stevens casé in no manner affected' or controlled the decision in the Barnes case. The motion for a reargument was denied. (Matter of Barnes; 154 N. Y. 761.) From these facts the difference and distinction between these cases is apparent and plain. The language used by the testator in the Stevens case, “To be paid to her out of my estate as soon as practicable after my deceasef clearly evinces an intention on the part of the testator to make the legacy payable before the expiration of the year, removed •the case from the operation of section 2721 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and explains the statement of Presiding Justice Van Beunt in the Barnes case that “ interest is a penalty imposed because- of a default in the payment of money which is- due.” — 55 — The testator’s estate being, such that it was “ practicable ” to pay tlie legacy immediately on his decease, it then became due and payable, and interest from that time was properly allowed. These facts make clear the reasons which led the Court of Appeals to negative the contention of appellant’s counsel in the Barnes case that its decision in .the Stevens case furnished reasons for a reargument and reversal. In the case under consideration, as in the Barnes■ case, there is nothing in the will, or in the circumstances surrounding the parties, to show that the testator intended that in addition to the legacy of $15,000 which he gave respondent, there should be taken from his estate the sum represented by the interest claimed upon such legacy, and enough appears from the direction that it should be paid from “ the remainder of my real and personal estate ” to warrant the presumption that such was not the intention of the testator. The respondent was given a sum largely in excess of the value of her dower right and more than one-third of the net estate of her husband, and the liberal provisions of the will in her favor furnish an additional reason for the belief that, the intention of the testator would be violated by deducting from the shares of his three children in his estate interest upon her legacy from the time of his death. The order appealed from should be modified by striking therefrom the direction to pay interest to the respondent upon her legacy at five per cent from April 29, 1904, and as so modified affirmed, with costs to the appellant payable from the estate. Bartlett, Woodward and Miller, JJ., concurred. Order of the Surrogate’s Court of Kings county modified by striking-therefrom the direction to pay interest upon respondent’s legacy, and as modified affirmed, with costs to the appellant payable out of the estate.