Benedict v. Dunning

Clarke, J.: ' .This is an action for the construction of the will of Louisa P. Bronk. Willianr B,. Bronk, .the husband of testatrix, was named in the will as executor and trustee, and he served as such for three years when lie: died. The defendant is the .executor of the will of William R, Bronk, and; as such is in possession of the. property belonging, to the trust estate. No substituted trustee has been appointed to execute the trust created by the will of Louisa P. Bronk. ' . ' ' The plaintiff is the son of testatrix by her first marriage and her only child. The will was made in 1885,. shortly after the second marriage to William R. Bronk. The property which is disposed of by the will was'derived from the estate of testatrix’s first husband . and. plaintiff had a one-half interest in the income during hi's mother’s life and a vested remainder in the whole estate, but, prior 'to his mother’s will he had released to her all his interest. He had always been on friendly terms with his mother and- lived with her until his marriage four months before her death. Testatrix left her surviving.besides her son her mother and second husband,, both of whonb she knew were, possessed, of independent properties. By the will, after giving -all of her wearing apparel, jewelry, household furniture, silver, picture's and bric-a-brac to her executor, “.the same, or such part thereof as lie.may in his discretion judge fit and proper, to'be distributed as'mementos among such of my relatives, -and friends as he may in his discretion select,” the — 305 — remainder is devised and bequeathed “ to my executor hereinafter named, his successor or successors, in trust, however:” First. To sell or mortgage or lease any or all of said property and the same or proceeds thereof to invest in any securities “ which he may in the exercise of his absolute discretion and judgment deem fit and proper.” Second. “ To receive all rents, issues, income or profits arising from the estate and property herein given him and the net amount thereof or such part of the net amount thereof as he shall in the exercise of his said discretion and judgment deem suitable or necessary for that purpose to pay over to my son, Lewis Benedict, during his lifetime, or until the termination, of the trust as in the third paragraph of this clause of my will provided, at such times and in such amounts as my said executor shall deem fit and proper.” Thwd. “ At any time after my said son shall have arrived at the age of twenty-five years, I authorize, but do not direct, my said executor, if in the exercise of his said discretion and judgment he shall see fit so to do, to pay over, convey or assign from time to time, to my said son, any part of or all of the principal sum or property then remaining in his hands, together with a proportionate amount of the accumulations or all of the accumulations thereon, if any; it being my intention and will to invest my executor hereinafter named witli the absolute right and power of deciding whether,. and at what time, if ever, any part or all of the principal of the estate, and property, .herein given my executor shall vest in or come into the possession or control of my said son.” The will further provides that in the event of the death of the son before the husband, the husband shall take all the property absolutely. There is no express provision in the will for disposition of the property upon the death of the husband before the death of the son. This.event has happened and renders the construction of the will necessary. The son attained the age of twenty-five years and was twenty-nine years of age when his mother died in 1902. No part of the principal has been paid over to the son. Two questions are before the court: Whether the trust so rested in the personal discretion of the trustee that it terminated upon his death and, if so, further whether the remainder after the termination' of the trust is vested in the son. — 306 — Ordinarily upon the death of an original trustee the trust devolves-upon the: Supreme Court, and it has jurisdiction to appoint anew trustee to' execute the tiust. (Royce v. Adams, 123 N. Y. 402, 405, and cases cited,) But where special confidence is reposed" in an individual -as distinct from his office- so that the execution of the trust or power in trust is made expressly dependent iiji'en the will- of the grantee, it is necessarily personal and. discretionary and does not'pass to a substituted trustee. (Coleman v. Beach, 97 N. Y, 545 ; Sweeney v. Warren, 127 id. 426 ; Lahey v. Kortright, 132 id. 450, 457.) The rule is well stated in Chaplin on Express Trusts, and Powers (§ 334): “ If by the trust'instrument trustees are vested with a. discretion, personal to themselves and not pertaining to any one who should fill their office and they all renounce (or resign, or are removed, or die, or if for. any reason others succeed to their position), the : right to" exercise the discretion does -not pass to their successors, (Beekman v. Bonsor, 23 N. Y. 298, 303, 305, 318).” It must be observed, however, .that the mere fact that the exercise of the power calls for the exercise of discretion does not necessarily stamp the power as purely personal.-. In Lahey v. Kortright (132 N. Y. 450) the trustees were given power to sell and invest the proceeds “as they, in their discretion, may deem most for the interest of the parties interested.” . There was a .valid trust to pay income for life, and the court held the power of sale annexed to the trust in aid of its execution. Judge Bbadluy (at p. 456) says: “ While a mere power of sale is discretionary' and does not survive tlie donee of the' power, it is otherwise when file power is coupled with a trust. -. Then it is taken by the trustees and through the-court of equity may be transmitted tó. their successors in the trust.” In Kortright v. Storminger (49 Hun, 249) the court construing the same power held that it was imperative and general- and although like all powers in trust, it was discretionary, it could on the death, removal or resignation of the trustees be executed by a trustee appointed by the court to carry out the trusts ■ created by the will. The element of personal confidence was lacking. Whether the power in trust is-confided to the individual is a question of intention to be ascertained from the terms of the trust instrument. Where the instrument provides that the trustees are to act upon their determination of an ascertainable fact, the -trust is not personal, but where their action rests entirely upon their personal, discretion, no- one can — 307 — be substituted for them. The distinction is clearly set forth in Hull v. Hull (24 N. Y. 647). The bequest to the executors in that case was in trust to pay an annuity of §500, to be increased in their discretion to $1,000, to the testator’s son till he attained the age of thirty years, and to pay all that should remain of principal and accumulated income to the son upon the condition that he should then, in the opinion of the executors, be solvent. The executors renounced and an action was brought to construe the will. It was held that the provision for the increase became ineffectual, the discretion being absolute and personal, and that the determination as to solvency of the son at the age of thirty was not personal as it rested upon a fact readily ascertainable. Judge Weight (at p. 651) says: “ It may be conceded that when a matter or thing is to be determined or decided entirely by the pérsonal discretion of one or more jiarties and they die or refuse to exercise this discretion, there is no way any determination or decision can be made. That provision, of the present.will which confides to the discretion-of the executors an increase of the annual allowance to the son is of this description. But where a direction in a will is that the executors or trustees are to do or to determine upon any particular thing, and a rule is given, based upon facts readily ascertainable in the usual manner of legal determination of facts, then it is not a case of pure personal discretion, and the courts will uphold the will and order the facts, if disputed, to be determined in the usual way. * * * The persons to whom, the time, amount and conditions upon which the estate is to be finally disposed of are all plainly fixed by the will.” Applying these rules, it is clear that the power given the executor to pay over to the son any part or all of the principal was personal to the trustee involving the exercise of his individual choice and discretion. It is. made expressly dependent upon the will of the trustee “ with the absolute right and power, of deciding.” It is not given in aid of a valid trust but, on the contrary, its exercise would immediately terminate the trust. Neither is its exercise dependent upon the determination of any ascertainable fact. McLean v. McLean (3 Hun, 395), affirmed by the Court of Appeals (62 N. Y. 627), although not involving the appointment of a substituted trustee, is peculiarly in point. That was an action for the’constrnction of a will by which one-fourth of an estate was devised to an executor — 308 — in trust for the life of one of the defendants, with power to convey to defendant at any time when the . executor should be .satisfied that he would make a prudent and proper use of it. It was held that a portion of an answer praying an adjudication that the executor was; satisfied that the defendant would make a prudent- arid proper, use of tlié^festate was properly stricken out on the ground that it ivas a matter ..purely discretionary with the- executor. ' (See, also, Roosevelt v. Roosevelt, 6 Hun, 31 ; affd., 64 N. Y. 651, and Kilburn v. See, 1 Dem. 353.) For the same reasons the trust to pay over the net income or a part thereof was -personal to the trustee. The payriient is made dependent upon the “ said discretion and judgment ” of the trustee,; which in the 1st-clause is defined, as “his absolute discretion and judgment.” The purpose for which it is. to be paid is not defined. Neither is the time when nor .the amount, it being-payable “at such, times and in such amounts as my sajd executor shall deem.fit and proper.” Neither is the term of duration'certain. Such ipart of the net income 'as the executor determined to pay is to ■be paid..to the son “ during his lifetime, or until the termination of the trust as-in the third paragraph of this claus'e of my will provided.” . . .. . , . . It has already been found that.the termination of the trust rested upon the personal discretion of the trustee. The part of the income suitable Or necessary and the times and amounts in which it was to " be paid, all resting in the discretion of the trustee, are thus closely connected with the personal confidence reposed in the trustee to pay over- the principal. By the 3d clause which may not be executed by reason of the death of the trustee he had power to convey “ from time to- time to my said son any part of or .all" of the principal sum or property then remaining in his hands, together with a proportionate amount of the accumulations or all of the accumulations thereon, if any.” This clearly shows the intimate - relation, of the ■ two clauses. It is a familiar rule of will construction that where a trust is a part of a single scheme,, the principal object of which cannot be Carried out, the whole schéme falls and no effect cari be given to any part of it. (Brown v. Quintard, 177 N. Y. 75, 85, arid. cases cited.) This is riot a case where the iticome is to be applied to the support and education of a beneficiary and the principal to be paid Over at a stated time as in Earle v. Earle (93 N. Y. — 309 — 104). Neither is it within the dicta in Rogers v. Rogers (111 N. Y. 228) and Haynes v. Sherman (117 id. 433) where the trust was to apply so much of' the income as may be necessary for such support, maintenance and education. In those cases the payment of income was not dependent upon the personal discretion of'the trustee,, but upon the ascertainable fact of the reasonable needs of the beneficiary. To divorce the 2d clause of this will from the 3d would be to create a life estate in the whole income of the entire estate, whereas it was clearly the intention of the testatrix to empower the trustee to pay the son such part of the income at such times and in such amounts as was suitable in view of the part of the capital which the husband had already paid over to the son or would pay over in the exercise of his personal power so to do. The discretionary power to pay the principal being personal to the trustee died with him and the principal may not be paid over by a substituted trustee. The power to pay income was dependent upon the same personal discretion. The testatrix has not created an estate in trust for the life of her son. It was only in case her husband during the son’s entire life withheld payment of the principal that the son’s interest was to be confined to income and in that event the amount of the income was to be determined by the husband.- The discretionary power to pay over the principal having terminated the interdependent power to apply the incomé. is also terminated. The trust, therefore, fails upon the death of the husband upon whose discretion it depended. The question remains whether the estate thereupon passes to the son, such an intention to be spelled out of the will as a whole, or whether the remainder vested-in the next of kin upon the failure of the will, as provided by the Statute of Distributions. (See Code Civ. Proc. §§ 2732, 2734.) “ To uphold a legacy by implication, the inference from the will of the testator’s intention io give the legacy mutt be such as to leave no hesitation in the mind of the court and permit of no other reasonable inference. ” (Bradhurst v. Field, 135 N. Y. 564.) The cases cited by plaintiff in support of his contention are in two classes in neither of which the case at bar falls. In the one class, where there was an express gift of the remainder the enjoyment of which was postponed,- the courts have, upon the happening of some contingency which was not provided — 310 — for, held that the property vested in possession at once as there was an immediate gift by implication. Mead v. Coolidge (179 N. Y. 386) ; Thompson v. Conway (23 Hun, 621) and Masterson v. Townshend (123 N. Y. 458) are all in this class. In each of these cases there .was a direct devise in remainder the vesting of which was accelerated. In Mead v. Coolidge (at p. 392) the court says: “ The only difficulty in this case is that a condition, intermediate between the creation and the eventual vesting of the estate in those designated to enjoy it in remainder, became impossible.” The case of Colvin v. Young (81 Hun, 116) is also in this class. There was in that case an absolute bequest and -payment alone was to be postponed for such time as the executrix should determine. As the gift was absolute and possession could only be deferred by the judgment of the executrix it was held that the gift necessarily became payable at once upon her death. But that a different rule is applied where there is no disposal of the remainder is pointed out in Mead v. Coolidge (179 N. Y. 390), citing Vernon v. Vernon (53 id. 351) and Brown v. Quintard (177 id. 75). In the other cases relied upon by plaintiff there were no apt. words used to dispose of the remainder but a gift is implied by reason of the unlimited disposition of the income. The principal follows the income. These are cases where there is a gift of the interest, income or produce of a fund without limitation as to continuance, or without limit as to time. In such cases the trust is construed to pass the fund itself. So in Baker v. McAden (118 N. C. 740) the property was simply “in trust for my children ” with no limitation whatever. In Matter of Ingersoll (95 App. Div. 211) and Matter of Hull (97 id. 258, 265) there was a gift of income without limitation of time as to continuance of the trust. , The will under' consideration is not within the first class of cases cited. There is no disposition of the remainder in, the event of the death of the husband before 'the son. .There are no apt words from which ún intention can -be found that the son was eventually to have the property. In fact he was only to have such part of it and at such times as the husband should decide, “if ' ever.” Moreover,, the will is hot within the second class, because the trust to pay income is not unlimited as to time, but-it is ■ distinctly limited to payment for the benefit of the son “during his — 311 — lifetime,” unless sooner terminated by the exercise of the discretion vested in the trustee. ' The will is absolutely silent as to the disposition of the principal upon the death of the liusband before the death of the son. Under such circumstances Brown v. Quintard (177 N. Y. 75) is controlling. The trusts in that case were to pay income for life, and upon their termination the principal was to be divided into four parts, and one part paid to one of decedent’s four sons. There was no disposition of the remaining three-fourths of the estate. There was' also a statement that a reduction was made upon the one-fourth disposed of, “in justice to my other children.” The court held the decedent died intestate as to three-fourths of the estate. The court says (at p. 84): “ These circumstances give rise to surmise, conjecture and argument, but they prove nothing except the fact that if the testator intended to give three-fourths of the residue to his sons, Mortimer, Alfred and,Oscar, he utterly failed to do so. If we were dealing with this case alone, and not with the law relating to wills, we might, in the interests of justice, permit probabilities to outweigh proofs, but the law must be upheld.” As the testatrix failed to dispose of her estate, it must be distributed under the statute as in the case of intestacy. The judgment should be modified by striking out the provision directing the defendant tq transfer the property to a substituted trustee to be appointed, and by directing the payment over of the funds and securities, two-thirds to the son and one-third to the husband’s estate forthwith, and as so modified affirmed, with' costs to both parties, payable out of the trust fund held by the defendant. Patterson, J., concurred; O’Beien, P. J., and Ingeaham, J., dissented.