Davenport v. Prentice

Jenks, J.: I think that this judgment must be reversed for an error in instructions to the jury. The appeal is by the administratrix o. t. a. of Augustus Prentice from a judgment entered on a verdict at Trial Term against the estate for $183,690. The plaintiff as the receiver of the Bank of Staten Island sues the officers and directors of the bank in a common-law action for negligence, whereby Ahlmann, the cashier and a director, found opportunity for thefts which brought the bauk to insolvency and the closing of its doors on December 31, 1903. Ahlmann killed himself on December 30, 1903. Twenty-two thousand five hundred and thirty dollars was recovered from his estate. Augustus Prentice was the president, and he with A. B. Prentice, R. L’H. Finch, Wood and Ahlmann were directors. Finch is dead; Wood was not served, but was called as a witness by the plaintiff; and as to A. B. Prentice, the action was dismissed at trial. The plaintiff read in evidence official reports of the bank to the Superintendent of Banks, of which all save the last were verified by Prentice as president and by Ahlmann as cashier; the last was — 453 — verified by Ahlmann alone, with the statement that Prentice was ill. The examination by the State Bank Examiner showed that the report of December, 1902, was correct and that the assets were intact. There is no doubt, however, that a report was verified by Prentice after securities to a large amount or their proceeds had been made away with by Ahlmann, which report showed that the securities or their equivalent were still assets of the bank, and the contention of the plaintiff is that the fact that Prentice as president verified a report or reports which were false in that respect, was evidence of negligence in his offices of president and of director. There were also other acts of alleged omission proved as to the conduct of the bank by him and his fellow-officers, such as lack of attention, audit or examination, absence both of proper committees of supervision, and of directors’ meetings, improper bookkeeping, lax care of securities and divers matters of alleged slipshod management. If at the time of a verification of a particular report which showed the securities or their equivalent. on hand, the securities had been stolen, the fact that the verification was made in such ignorance was not the cause of the theft. The cashier did not know but that before the president joined in the verification he might call for a production of the securities; the cashier could only surmise when he abstracted the securities that as to future reports the president might not require the production of the securities, and if the president had not done so in the past he probably would be content not to do so in the future. But much stress was laid upon the verification of these reports upon the proposition that if Prentice had observed due care in qualifying himself to make the oath he would not have been ignorant of the fact that the securities were no longer possessed by the bank. Indeed, the learned court, after instructing the jury that negligence must be proved against Prentice, said that the jury must determine whether reasonable care was exercised to prevent dishonesty and whether the losses were traceable to specific acts of negligence on the part of Prentice, and thereupon called to the attention of the jury that Prentice had signed quarterly reports, that the last of them was signed in August, 1903, that at that time, as it recalled the evidence, the bonds had been extracted and the fraudulent loans of $30,000 had been made. Then the court laid down the law as to the require — 454 — ment of the oath by Prentice, in terms which I shall specifically notice further on, and immediately charged the jury: “ I also charge you that inasmuch as the said reports contained statements that the hank was the owner of certain investment securities at the time of making such reports, if the jury — you find that the president of the bank made such reports without knowledge that such investments were in the possession of the bank, and relied upon the statement of the cashier, instead of informing himself of the fact, and that as a consequence thereof opportunity was given to the cashier to make away with such securities so as the same were lost to the bank, then you may find a verdict for the plaintiff for such amount as you find was lost as the result of such conduct or negligence on the part of the president of the bank.” And the court thereafter further charged : “ I charge you further it is the duty of the President of a bank to keep himself informed, sufficiently familiar with the affairs of the hank and the conduct thereof — not alone by the cashier, but the general conduct, and the investment of securities, and the securities on hand, to enable- him truthfully and faithfully to comply with the requirements of the statute that he verify on oath the several quarterly reports, as to the details thereof.” The stolen securities made up a very great part of the thefts. I now consider the instructions of the court as to the oath annexed to tlm report, which were as follows: “Now, the banking laws of the State of New York in the year 1900 and subsequent thereto made it the duty of the president of the hank to verify by oath the several quarterly reports to the superintendent of banks which have been put in evidence in this cause, and to verify by his oath as to each of said reports that the same was true and correct in all respects. I charge you, as matter of law, that it was the duty of the president of the ianle to have such knowledge of and such acquaintance with the several matters stated in the quarterly reports that he could t/ruthfully malte oath that the said reports were true in all respects.” The exception taken to this instruction was as follows: “ Defendants’ counsel excepts to so much of the charge as instructs the jury that it was the duty of the president of the bank to have such knowledge of and such acquaintance with the several matters stated in the quarterly reports, that he could truthfully make oath that the said reports were true in all respects.” — 455 — The first question is whether the exception was sufficient. The purpose of such an exception is to call the attention of the court to the instruction given and to the fact that it is objected to, in order that the court may have the opportunity to retract, alter or modify the instruction. Comparing the exception with the instruction, it appears that the exception pointed out the precise language of the instruction objected to. The court could not mistake the subject of the exception. In McGinley v. United States Life Ins. Co. (77 N. Y. 497) the court, per Miller, J., say : “ When it is intended to except to a specific proposition or to particular remarks of a judge in his charge to the jury, the counsel making the exception should put his finger on the proposition clearly and distinctly, beyond any question, and employ language entirely plain, so that there can be no doubt as to the real character of the exception, or as to what was actually intended. This is essential to enable the judge to correct, modify or change the language used, if lie deems" it proper, and to prevent any misconception or misapprehension as to what portion of the charge the exception was intended to apply. To obtain the advantage of an exception as to language used in the charge it must be presented either in the same or in equivalent words, or so as to embrace the substance of the charge, and not in phraseology which is at least of a doubtful construction.” That case is cited and approved in Brozek v. Steinway Railway Company (161 N. Y. 63, 65). In , People ex rel. Dailey v. Livingston (79 N. Y. 292) the court say: “ The learned counsel for the relator in answer to this point insists, first, that the exception was not sufficiently specific. At the close of the charge several requests to charge were made by the respective parties, and then the case states that the defendant excepted to the closing of the charge in regard to the ballot-boxes. It would have been strictly more accurate to have repeated the language excepted to, but the exception referred to the close of the charge and the subject. There was but a single idea in that part of the charge, and that was expressed in clear and emphatic language. The exception could not have referred to anything else, and it is difficult to see how there could have been any misapprehension as to the application of the exception. We think that the rule requiring specific exceptions was substantially, if not technically complied with.” I fail to see how the exception could be more precise and definite. — 456 — It is not the rale that the exceptor is bound to state the reason for his challenge to the law of the instruction. In Requa v. Holmes (16 N. Y. 202) the court say: “ In excepting to a charge, all that is necessary is to specify the legal proposition therein supposed to be objectionable. In this case the whole charge consisted of but a single legal proposition, and a general exception thereto was sufficient. It was unnecessary to state the reasons why the charge was, or was supposed' to be, erroneous.” In Goldman v. Abrahams (9 Daly, 223) the court say: “ The proposition of the charge, in view of the evidence, was erroneous, and to that erroneous proposition an exception is taken. In an exception to a charge counsel are not bound to state the grounds of their exception. They are simply called upon to except to such propositions as they deem erroneous, and this raises the question of law in a proper form.” In Freund v. Paten (10 Abb. N. C. 316) the court say: “ The instructions given the jury were plainly .not in accord with the legal rule, and more strongly marked by the omission of the term ‘reasonable,’ in qualification of the word ‘doubt.’ The plaintiff’s counsel, by excepting to the court’s charge of legal propositions, did all that was needful to present the question. Under such circumstances counsel are not called upon to suggest amendments or changes to the court; but may rely upon the exception (Goldman v. Abrahams, 10 Weekly Dig. 108; * Allis v. Leonard, 58 N. Y. 291).” (See, too, Brick v. Fowler, 12 Wkly. Dig. 310; Allis v. Leonard, 58 N. Y. 288; Baylies Tr. Pr. [2d ed.] 336 ; 2 Rumsey Pr. [2d ed.] 368.) As stated in the last authority cited, if the error was merely inadvertent, like the misuse of a word or a slip in phraseology, where it is perfectly clear, that the court could not have intended the expression used, courts have been inclined to require that the exception should suggest 'the correction, e. g., Ellis v. People (21 How. Pr. 356, 360); Simmons v. Ocean Causeway (21 App. Div. 36). But I think that the appellant should not be deprived of the benefit of his exception on the ground that the instruction was an inadvertence. The learned court three times instructed the jury that the law required that the president verify the reports by absolute oath, and never made mention of the fact that the oath as required was but a qualified one. In the dissenting opinion of my brother — 457 — Gaynor it is said that it was the duty of the learned counsel for the appellant in excepting to point out the error, but Kramer v. Brooklyn Heights R. R. Co. (190 N. Y. 310) alone is cited as an authority. That case only contains the proposition that a party should not be allowed upon appeal to take advantage of a lack of proof of a fact when it was assumed by both parties and the court at trial that the fact was admitted, or at least not controverted. The second question is whether the exception was well taken. The instruction of the court was not a correct statement of the statute existing at the time of these thefts. For the provision of the Banking Law then was and now is (§ 20)*: “ Every such report shall be verified by the oath of the president and cashier or treasurer of such corporation or by such individual banker, to, the effect that the same is true and correct in all respects, to the best of his knowledge and belief.” Thus it appears that the learned court charged that the law was that the president must verify by an unqualified oath when the law required only an oath to the best of his knowledge and belief. The third question is whether the error is fatal to the judgment. “If it is possible that the defendant was injured by this error the verdict must be set aside. It is not for the defendant to show how or to what extent he was prejudiced. The existence of the error establishes his claim to relief. If the plaintiffs wish to sustain the verdict it is for them to show that the error did not and could not have affected it,” citing authorities. (Greene v. White, 37 N. Y. 405.) If the court had instructed the jury that the oath was limited to the best of Prentice’s knowledge and belief, can it be concluded that the jury would have found in such verification (and such was the verification actually made) evidence of negligence ? It is to be noted that at no time was the oath as required by the statute stated to the jury, nor have we any proof that the jury ever heard read or ever read the statute. Indeed, at the close of the case the court asked the jury whether they desired to take any exhibit with them, and it does not appear that anything was submitted to them but a statement of the alleged items of loss. Even — 458 — if the jury had before them in their jury room the reports as verified, can it be at all certain that they would have assumed that the reports were verified according to the statute when the court had instructed them that the oath thereto must be absolute ? The verdict itself seems to indicate that the reports influenced the jury, for the following reason : The verdict represents the total deficit less $22,930 collected from Ahlmann’s estate and $9,000. This $9,000 item represented a specific entry in the books of a loan to Ahlmann on August 8, 1903, without corresponding entry of repayment. The learned court charged the jury that whereas the other items of defalcation were due to acts of Ahlmann previous to the signing of the last quarterly report by Prentice, the loan to Ahlmann himself (*. e., this $9,000 item) “was made after the last quarterly report.” The court was referring to the last report signed by Prentice, as it appeared that the final report was verified by Ahlmam,n alone at a time when Prentice was ill. Thus the jury, told by the court that the loss of $9,000 (as to which there was no conflicting evidence) was alone subsequent to any report signed by Prentice, excluded it alone from the alleged sum total of the loss charged against Prentice’s estate. The action was not brought for the falsity of the reports under section 21 of the Banking Law* or section-611 of the Penal Code,† but, as I have said, it rested upon negligence. These reports were read in evidence on the theory that the verification thereof by Mr. Prentice was a prescribed duty of the president. The statute requiring the oath does not prescribe in what respect the president or the cashier shall qualify himself to make the oath; it does not in any way bear on the supervising duties of either officer with reference to the affairs of the bank. The report is required of the officers by statute in order that primarily the Banking Department and secondarily others by publication thereof may have information from the principal officers of the bank of its condition, attested by their oath made to the best of their knowledge and belief. If it be false the direct remedy may be found in section 21 of the Banking Law, or it may be under section 611 of the Penal Code. (a) A substantial difference between the oath charged and the — 459 — oath in the statute book is shown by the fact that originally the statute read every such report should “ be verified by the oath of the president and cashier * * * to the effect that the same is true and correct in all respects” (Laws of 1892, chap. 689, § 20), and that by an amendment made by chapter 333 of the Laws of 1898 the limitation of the oath the qualification “ to the best of his knowledge and belief ” was grafted upon the statute. It seems to me that the reason for the modification is not far to seek. The Legislature thought that a conscientious bank president or official might discharge his duties to the full and yet be not qualified and could not in the nature of things qualify himself to make positive oath to the report and its details. The original requirement might exclude that bind of man required to discharge the duties of president or of cashier, and thus limit the occupancy of such places to those who would take such an oath without compunction, though it might in fact be “ false as dicers’ oaths.” (b) I think that the jury in passing upon the negligence of Prentice, as evidenced by his acts of omission indicated by his act of commission in verification of the report, might not have found proof of his neglect therefrom if they had been informed, not that he must verify each report on oath, but on oath limited to the best of his knowledge and belief. Might not the jury, regarding the limitation of the oath in considering the qualification of the affiant, draw a distinction between the conscientious state of a mind required to make an oath or an oath to the best of his knowledge and belief ? Might not a jury have concluded that Mr. Prentice was negligent in his qualification upon the facts when he came to take a positive oath and have concluded that he was not thus negligent when he came to take an oath to the best of his knowledge and belief ? “ Knowledge ” may mean that gained by information or intelligence. (Webster’s Diet., Worcester’s Diet., Cent. Diet., Imperial Diet., Stormontli’s Diet.) Knowledge is information and information knowledge,” and it is “ not confined to what we have personally observed.” (2 Bouv. L. Dict. [Rawle’s Rev.] 94, citing authorities. See, too, Iron Silver Mining Co. v. Reynolds, 124 U. S. 384; Lambert v. People, 76 N. Y. 220, 227, 228.) To one’s knowledge means “ so far as one is informed.” (Cent. Dict.) Knowledge and belief is nothing more than a firm belief. (Anderson L. Diet.) — 460 — We must take the word in its common acceptation, its plain, common, ordinary meaning. (Utley v. Hill, 155 Mo. 232; 49 L. R. A. 323.) What was the negligence attributed to the verification of the report? As the rule is that the respondent must establish that the error could not have affected the verdict (Greene v. White, supra; People v. Smith, 172 N. Y. 243), a discussion of this question is perhaps unnecessary even for the purpose of showing that the jury might have absolved the president if they had been instructed that he was only required to make a qualified oath to the reports. And I do not intend to b.e understood as intimating, much less declaring, that if .the court had charged the jury correctly as to the oath, the jury could not have found negligence in the circumstances surrounding the verification of the reports by Prentice. (c) It does not satisfactorily appear that the opportunity to thus dispose of the securities was due to any failure on the part of Prentice to inspect the books and the investment account of the bank prior to the verification of the report. The reports, verified by Prentice and Ahlmann, seem to be in accord therewith. It is true that the investment account did not, as it had prior to 1902 and 1903, specify the securities, nor were they specifically listed in the books; but that is another matter. Whether Prentice knew this does not appear, but Wood knew it. The State Examiner had seen that system, (or omission, if you please), but it did not appear that he had made any sign or had taken steps in the way of requiring change- of method. The negligence -asserted necessarily was that Prentice did not see that the securities were on hand at the time when he verified the reports. The bank was in Stapleton, Richmond county; it was incorporated in 1885 with a capital of $25,000 of 500 shares with par value of $50 a share. When Ahlmann died he owned 347 shares. Augustus Prentice owned 10 shares. Ahlmann had been cashier since 1887 and always had owned a majority of the stock. He lived on Staten Island, was of good social standing, had gained the respect of the people about him and had demeaned himself so as to command confidence, for his integrity and for his character. He was diligent and constant about the bank’s business. In fine he ivas practically the bank, in its dealings with depositors and cus — 461 — tomers, as well as in its administration. Mr. Prentice had been president for many years. He was a lawyer with an office in Manhattan, Hew York city, where he lived; When these thefts were made he was seventy-seven years old, with impaired eyesight due to cataract which hindered his movements and even made it difficult for him to sign his name. Of course he is not to be acquitted of blame because of these infirmities, but I am stating all the circumstances. In the management of the bank or in its business routine with customers or depositors, he took little part in the latter years. Ho specific duties were cast upon him by resolution or by law. He received a salary of $500 a year. Ahlmann’s salary was $5,000 a year. Of the other directors Finch lived near the bank and was a lawyer with his office in connection with that of Mr. Prentice. A. B. Prentice was the son of Augustus Prentice, a lawyer with offices with liis father, and Wood was the assistant cashier who had worked his way up in the bank. Ahlmann went to the offices of Prentice twice a week, and would stay there about an hour discussing the bank, the different loans, the standing of the people in its community — whether they were people who should receive loans. A. B. Prentice would often enter into the discussion and Finch also would often take part. Up to December 18, 1902, the bank stood examination; the State Examiner then found matters correct, saw the assets of the bank and checked them with the books. Mr. Prentice was not an insurer of the honesty of the cashier. (Bloom v. Nat. United Benefit Savings Co., 81 Hun, 127, and cases cited ; S. C., 152 N. Y. 114, 121; Scott v. Depeyster, 1 Edw. Ch. 513.) The duty of the president is to preside, and his other duties may vary according to usage or by-law of the institution ; “ ordinarily the position is one of dignity, and of an indefinite general' responsibility, rather than of any accurately known power.” He, however, is “ usually expected to exercise a more constant, immediate, and personal supervision ” than an ordinary director. (Morse Banks & Banking [4th ed.], § 143.) The mere fact that Ahlmann had physical control of the securities was not necessarily evidence of the negligence of Prentice. . Ahlmann as cashier was presumed to be the “ principal executive officer ” of the bank (City Bank of New Haven v. Perkins, 29 N. Y. — 462 — 554. See, too, Potter v. Merchants' Bank, 28 id. 641, citing Story, J., in Wild v. Passamaquoddy Bank, 3 Mason .[U. S.], 505), and the facts show that he was the chief managing officer of it. Story, J., in Wild v. Passamaquoddy Bank (ut supra), said : “ The cashier of a bank is, virtute officii, generally entrusted, with the notes, securities and other funds of the bank, and is held out to the world by the bank as its general agent in the negotiation, management and disposal of them.” (See, too, United States v. City Bank of Columbus, 21 How. [U. S.] 356, 364.) “ The cashier of a bank is ordinarily its chief executive officer, through whom the financial operations of the bank are conducted. Directly, or through subordinate officers, he receives and pays out its moneys, collects and pays its debts, and receives, discharges and transfers its commercial securities.” (21 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 862; Coats v. Donnell, 94 N. Y. 168, 176; Merchants' Bank v. State Bank, 10 Wall. 604, 650. See, too, Morse, supra, § 157, and cases cited; id. § 160, and cases cited.) There was the legal right to impose confidence in Ahlmann in everything within the scope of his duties. (Scott v. Depeyster, supra, especially at 540, 541.) It does not appear but that the cashier, with the securities at hand in the bank and under his control, could not as readily have abstracted them and disposed of them as he did from the safe deposit box in Manhattan. He did not obtain them from the safe deposit box in Manhattan and fly. But he took them therefrom and sold them in the market as for account of the bank, and received a check therefor in favor of the bank. The bank cleared with a bank in Manhattan, and the securities were a reserve fund kept near the financial district to raise money speedily if required. The fact that they were kept there did not make the cashier immime from producing them, if called upon to do so, any more than if they had been kept in the bank vaults. The point of this discussion is that the mere place of deposit and the absolute control of the cashier thereat do not necessarily in themselves indicate any greater laxity than if the securities had been kept in the bank under the normal control of the cashier. The reports were prepared by Ahlmann, or under his supervision, and were then brought over by Ahlmann to Prentice, who would look them over, and consult with his son, who — 463 — would, make suggestions. The conversations over the affairs of the bank on such days were protracted beyond the usual hour, and were about the details of the report. Prentice would take time to consider the report before he signed it. Wood began to work in the bank in 1887, rose to assistant cashier in 1895, and became a director in 1896. He was paying and receiving teller, and always at the bank save vacation time. He examined the daily balance book every day. “ To some extent ” he was in supervision of the bookkeeping, and the routine work thereof in a general way was in his charge. He had no suspicion at any time that anything was “ wrong about that bank,” and so far as he knew everything was in proper shape and in good order until Ahlmann killed himself. Ahlmann came then to Prentice with the reports as the managing agent of the bank, who apparently had administered its affairs under the scrutiny of the bank examiners successfully and with diligence for many years. He was the chief executive officer, the practical power in the bank, and had so far as the evidence shows achieved a reputation in his community such as attaches to a substantial man of affairs, diligent, constant and attentive about his business. He owned, as I have said, the great majority of the stock in the bank. And he, too, then represented himself to Prentice as prepared to take his oath to the same report. All these circumstances might not be sufficient to acquit the president, but they are of the atmosphere of the case. It is true that it is argued that Prentice had warning of Ahlmann’s character by his lapse in 1890 in the matter of the forgery of two notes, but the learned court charged the jury that there was no evidence that permitted a finding that the forgeries ever existed. It seems to me .that the question whether the president was negligent in failing to see the securities at the time he made the verification of the report was a question of fact for the jury and was not to be disposed of as one of law. Prentice is to be regarded as a trustee (Hun v. Cary, 82 N. Y. 65; Bosworth v. Allen, 168 id. 157, 165), bound to exercise care and prudence in his office in the same degree that men of common prudence ordinarily show in their own affairs. (Hun v. Cary, supra.) The measure of that care is dependent on the subject to which it is due, and each case must be determined by the circumstances thereof. (Morse, supra, — 464 — § 128, citing Briggs v. Spaulding, 141 U. S. 13.2.) The discussion in the dissenting opinion lays much stress on the fact that Prentice had warning of the character' of Ahlmann by knowledge of his prior misconduct in the affairs of the bank involving his fabrication or forgery of two notes to make up a deficit. Even if such forgery by Ahlmann had been proved and made known to Prentice, that bit of evidence would not have directly borne upon my proposition that an exception was well taken to an instruction as to the law, which was fatal to the judgment. Such fact would be germane to the question whether the evidence was sufficient to uphold a judgment against the defendant for his negligence. It would only be relevant to the question which I discuss in so far as it involved the subsidiary question whether the error was substantial or fatal. It is quite true that I myself make mention of' the circumstance and hence in a sense invite the comment of my brother, but that was in the course of showing the atmosphere of the case. But while the court did instruct the jury that there was evidence in the case that Prentice was informed in March, 1890, that the cashier had admitted the forgery of the two notes, I repeat that the learned court without objection and exception charged that there was no evidence in the case from which the jury could find that the notes were forged. I repeat that I do riot assume to say that if the learned court, who tried the case with much fairness and ability, liad instructed the jury as to the terms of the oath required by the statute and had submitted the case to the jury without instruction as to Prentice’s negligence as matter of law and thereupon a like verdict had been returned, we would have cause to disturb it. But I am convinced that we cannot uphold this verdict on the ground that the trial was without substantial error to the prejudice of the defendant. The judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event. Hooker, Bich and Miller, JJ., concurred; Gaynor, J., read for affirmance, Footnotes [*] Same case reported in 9 Daly, 223 (supra).— [Rep. [*] See Laws of 1892, chap. 689, § 20, as amd. by Laws of 1898, chap. 383. Since amd. by Laws of 1905, chap. 297, and Laws of 1907, chap. 408.— [Rep. [*] Amd. by Laws of 1905, chap. 297.'—[Rep. [†] Amd. by Laws of 1906, chap. 286.— [Rep.