Citizens Central National Bank v. New Amsterdam National Bank

Clarke, J.: Plaintiff and defendant are members of the New York Clearing House Association, .instituted to facilitate banking transactions in the city of New York. Its scheme of operation is clearly described in Mt. Morris Bank, v. Twenty-third Ward Bank (172 N. Y. 244), as follows: “ That association appears by its constitution to have adopted a very simple manner of settling the drafts, checks and other claims of its various members against the others. Each member, every morning, delivers to the clearing house the cheeks, drafts and notes it holds against the other banks and receives credit therefor, while it is charged with all checks, drafts or notes payable by it and deposited by other banks. If its deposits exceed the drafts . and checks deposited against it, it receives from the clearing house during the day the amount of the excess in money, while if the reverse proves the case, it is obliged to pay the balance against it to the clearing house. In this daily settlement of the clearing house no account is taken of the fact that the cheeks may be bad. All checks, drafts or notes on any bank are charged against it, though the accounts of the drawers of those checks or the makers of the notes may not be good for their amounts, and even though the checks be forgeries.” By section 14 of the constitution it is pro — 556 — vided that the association shall be in no way responsible for such items, but that they are to be adjusted directly between the bank that deposited them in the Clearing House arid the bank on which they were drawn. Section 15 provides that “All checks, drafts, notes or other items in the exchanges returned as not good ’ or missent, shall be returned the same day directly to the bank from whom they were received, and the said bank shall immediately refund to the bank returning the same the amount which it had received through the clearing house for the said checks, drafts, notes, or other items so returned to it, in specie or legal tender notes.”, It will be seen that the system of clearances adopted by the association is very simple, and that it enables exchanges of the greatest magnitude to be effected in a remarkably brief period of time. Rule 1 of the rules of the Clearing House Association provides as follows: “Return of checks, drafts, etc., for informality, not good, missentj guarantee of endorsement or for any other cause, should be made before three o’clock of the same day.” On December 5, 1907, one Alfred Epstein, who then had a deposit account with the plaintiff bank, drew a check on the plaim tiff to the order of the Astor Company for $2,000. The said check was duly indorsed by the said Astor Company and deposited in the defendant hank. On the morning of December 6, 1907, the said check was included among the checks presented by the defendant to the Clearing House for payment, and the amount thereof was charged against the plaintiff and paid by it. After such payment and. return of said check to the plaintiff, and on the same day between half-past two and twenty-five minutes of three in the afternoon, the plaintiff sent the said check by its messenger, -who testified that he went at once as direct as he possibly could, to the bank of the defendant at Broadway and Thirty-ninth street and presented the check to the paying teller and demanded the money for it. This presentation and demand was made from four to ten minutes after three o’clock in the afternoon. The defendant refused to return the sum, upon the ground that the demand having been made after three o’clock was too late. There was no evidence that • any change in the situation to defendant’s detriment had occurred. Thereupon this action was brought, arid a jury having been waived, — 557 — ■the learned trial court made its decision in writing and judgment was entered thereon in’favor of the plaintiff, from which judgment this appeal is taken. It appears that the drawer of the check, Epstein, for some days prior to the date thereof, had to his credit in the plaintiff bank only the sum of $143.73, which deposit had not been increased up to the time of the trial of the action. The question involved is the meaning,. force and effect of the provisions of the constitution and rules of the Clearing House which bound both banks as members thereof. No case is this State has been cited to us which bears directly upon the point at issue. The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts has, however, construed somewhat similar provisions of the • constitution and rules of the Boston Clearing House. In Merchants’ National Bank v. National Eagle Bank (101 Mass. 281) the rule under consideration was the following : “ Whenever checks are sent through the Clearing House which are not good, they shall be returned, by the bank receiving the same, to the banks from which they were received, as soon as it shall be found that said checks are not good; and in no case shall they be retained after one o’clock.” The language of the Hew York rule that the “return of checks * * * should be made before three o’clock .of the same day” does not seem to be so imperative as the Boston rule, “ and in no case shall they le retained after one o’clock.” It appears in the above case that at a quarter before one o’clock the teller handed four checks to the messenger with directions to ■ return them to the banks, with whose numbers they were marked, as not good, and to collect the amounts of them from those banks. The messenger made a' mistake as to the number on one of the checks, went to the wrong bank with it and was obliged to return to the plaintiffs’ banking house in order to ascertain the true number. In consequence of this mistake, it was from five to seven minutes after one o’clock when he presented the check in question at the defendant’s banking house, where payment was refused on the ground that it had not been presented before one o’clock. The court said: “ Under this arrangement, the payment required of the Clearing House to. a creditor bank, upon a check presented, must be regarded as only provisional until the hour of one o’clock, to become complete only in case the check is not returned at that time. And — 558 — if by any mistake of fact the return of the check is not so made, then, as between the two banks, it is to be treated ás a payment made under a mistake of fact, precisely to the same extent, and with the same right to reclaim, winch would have existed if the payment had been made by the simple act of passing the money across the counter directly to the payee on the presentation of the check. The. manifest purpose of the provision is to fix a time at which the creditor bank may be authorized to treat the check as paid, and be able to regulate with safety its relations to other parties. We cannot adopt the theory that a failure to ¡iresent a bad check, before the time named, to the bank sending it through the Clearing House, works an absolute forfeiture, and is in itself a perfect bar to any action to recover the amount of such check. The whole arrangement, in all its- provisions' and declared' purposes, is to be construed together. And the law will not construe any portion so as to subject parties to a penalty or forfeiture of their rights, where other reasonable interpretation can be given which will give effect and .consistency to the whole. The parties have in terms affixed no penalty or forfeiture to the stipulation under consideration, and a failure to comply with its terms must leave the parties in the same position and precisely as they would- stand when a payment is made under a mistake of fact in the ordinary-way. After one o’clock the defendants, upon the failure to return the check, had the right to consider it paid, and -to treat it so in their dealings with others. The report finds that the delaj in its return was occasioned by a mistake on the part of the messenger, a mistake which was quite as much a mistake of fact as if it had been produced by the false time of a clock which was relied on.” The court also considered the force of that part of the rule which reads: “ In no case shall they be retained after one o’clock,” and. said that, if necessary to save the forfeiture, it would .hold that the delivery to the messenger before one o'clock, with sufficient time to reach the bank before that hour, would be enough to^satisfy the requirement that the check should not be retained after one o’clock. This case was cited with approval in Manufacturers’ National Bank v. Thompson (129 Mass. 438); Exchange Bank v. Bank of North America (132 id. 147). And in Merchants’ National Bank v. National Bank of the Commonwealth (139 Mass. 513) the court — 559 — said: “ If it were intended that mistakes should never he corrected unless discovered by one o’clock, this should in terms explicitly appear. As it does not, it seems to us the more correct interpretation to hold that the rule authorizes the bank receiving the check, after one o’clock arrives and the check is not returned, to treat it in all transactions as if it were good. If, therefore, the bank changes its position, it will suffer no loss by reason of it. On the other hand, if the mistake is discovered after one o’clock, and the bank receiving the check has not changed its position by reason of the expiration of the time, it should rectify the mistake when reasonable care has been exercised by the bank on which it was drawn.” The reasoning of these cases seems sound. It should be emphasized that while in the case at bar the language-of the constitution of the Clearing House is that the checks “ shall be returned the same day directly to the bank from whom they were .received,” the rule seems to be rather advisory than mandatory, reading that the return “ should be made before three o’clock of the same day.” There is no question in this case of a voluntary payment over the counter where the laches of a paying teller in not discovering that the depositor’s account was not sufficient to warrant the paying of the check might, under certain circumstances, not be considered as constituting a payment by mistake which could be recovered or save the operation of the rule that a payment in due course discharges the check. The fact is, as in the Merchants National Bank Case (101 Mass. 281, supra), that the fact that the check was not good was discovered by the plaintiff bank some little time before the hour at which the defendant bank had the right to consider and treat the check as good, and that an attempt was promptly made to return the check within the time limited. But as the defendant bank was an uptown bank the messenger arrived there a very few minutes after three o’clock. This is precisely the same kind of a mistake of fact as existed in the Massachusetts case cited, where the bank attempted to return in time but the messenger failed to arrive in time.' In each case no harm came to the defendant. It had lost no rights against the maker of the check or the indorser thereon. It had the right to present and protest, and, satisfied as we are with the reasoning of the Supreme Judicial Court of ■ Massachusetts, we think the refusal of the defendant to repay the amount received — 560 — under the circumstances disclosed was arbitrary and unwarranted by the language of the Clearing House provisions. It follows, therefore, that the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs and disbursements to the respondent. Patterson, P. J., Laughlin and Scott,. JJ., concurred; Ingraham, J, dissented.