Becker v. Colonial Life Insurance

Burr, J.: This action is brought upon a life insurance policy. The issuing of the policy payable to ■ plaintiff, the death of the insured, and the service of proofs of death are admitted. By its amended answer defendant alleged that the policy was issued in reliance upon a written application therefor, which was made a part thereof, and also upon a medical examination of plaintiff’s testator, made by a physician on behalf of defendant; that in said written application he willfully made false and • fraudulent statements as to his previous and future occupation, as to his then and previous condition of health and habits, and that at said medical examination he made statements as to these and other matters. Defendant then alleged the falsity of some of the statements contained in said application, and of others contained in said medical examination, — 384 — which statements are specified, and further alleged that all of the false statements contained both in said application and examination were known to be false and untrue, and were made with intent to deceive; that defendant relied upon them, and was deceived thereby; that such statements were material, and that because of such fraud said policy was void. Plaintiff moved to strike from the amended answer the allegations respecting the false and fraudulent1 character of any statements or representations contained in the medical examination, which motion was granted. The action was then brought to trial upon the pleadings as reformed by the order of the court, and resulted in a verdict for plaintiff. Thereafter defendant appealed from the order granting the. motion striking out portions of its answer, and subsequently appealed from the judgment, specifying in this notice of appeal that it would bring up for review the. order referred to. No contention is made that upon the pleadings as they stood when the base was'tried, any error was committed in the course of the trial, or that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Two questions'only are presented: First. Did defendant waive its right to appeal from, said order by proceeding to trial with-, out, so far as the record discloses, any objection to the determination of the issues upon the pleadings as they then stood; and, second, if not, was the order striking out portions of defendant’s answer properly made ? We think that the first question must be answered in the negative. (Stokes v. Stokes, 81 Hun, 152.) If the order may not be reviewed under-the notice of appeal from the judgment (Code Civ. Proc. § 1316) it certainly may be under the direct appeal therefrom. (Raff v. Koster, Bial & Co., 38 App. Div. 336; Gleason v. Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co., 113 id. 186.) We think that the second question must be answered in the affirmative. Fraud vitiates any contract, and if proved, constitutes a good defense to an. action based thereon. But to constitute fraud growing out of representations, such representations must not only have been knowingly false, but in addition they must have been material, and relied upon as an inducement to the making of the contract. (20 Cyc. 39; Brackett v. Griswold 112 N. Y. 454; Powell v. Linde Co., 58 App. — 385 — Div. 261; affd., 171 N. Y. 675.) Annexed to the policy is a paper entitled “ Copy of the application upon which this policy is issued,” which paper is in the form of questions and answers, some of which relate to decedent’s present and previous occupation, and to his then and previous condition, health and habits. The policy recites that the consideration for the issuing thereof is “ the Application therefor, which is hereby made apart of this contract, and of the payment in the manner specified of the premium above stated.” The Insurance Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 28 [Laws of 1909, chap. 33], § 58) reads as follows: “ Every policy of insurance issued or delivered within the State on or after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and seven, by any life insurance corporation doing business within the State shall contain the entire contract between the parties and nothing shall he incorporated therein ■ by reference to any constitution, by-laws, rules, application or other writings unless the same are indorsed upon or attached to the policy when issued; and all statements purporting to be made by the insured shall in the absence of fraud be deemed representations and not warranties. Any waiver of the provisions of this section shall be void.” This provision first appeared as part of the statutory regulation of the business of life insurance in 1906 (Laws of 1906, chap. 326), and was in effect when the policy in suit was issued. The purpose of the legislation doubtless was to prevent controversies such as had frequently arisen as to the accuracy of the record of statements made by the insured at the time when the application for the policy was made. Beading the language of the policy in the light of the words of this statute, and keeping in mind the remedy sought by such legislation, we think that the word “ consideration” therein is not limited to its technical definition of “some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered, or undertaken by the other” (Wald’s Pollock Cont. [3ded.] 185; Rector, etc., v. Teed, 120 N. Y. 583; Hamer v. Sidway, 124 id. 538), but rather is used in the sense of “ inducing cause.” The parties had a right to stipulate in connection with the making of this contract that the inducing cause thereof, so far as defendant was con — 386 — cerned, was certain specified statements and representations, and none others. That there might be no misunderstanding upon this point, the statute required that the “application” relied on should be attached to the policy. Having so stipu - lated, and having attached one application thereto, if any others were made, the defendant in effect said, these are not material and are not relied upon by me. We cannot find that this question has previously been determined by any appellate court in this State, but statutes containing similar provisions have been thus construed in other States. (See Seiler v. Economic Life Association, 105 Iowa, 87; Rauen v. Prudential Ins. Co., 129 id. 725; Kirkpatrick v. London Guarantee & Accident Co., 139 id. 370; Imperial Fire Ins. Co. v. Dunham, 117 Penn. St. 460,472.) The defense sought to be interposed here is not for a breach of the conditions of the policy itself, treated as an existing contract, as in Wilcox v. Continental Ins. Co. . (85 Wis. 193), but for fraud in connection with the inception thereof. The casés relied upon by appellant, of Holden v. Prudential Ins. Co. (191 Mass. 153), Johnson v. American National Life Ins. Co. (134 Ga. 800), Southern Life Ins. Co. V. Hill (8 Ga. App. 857) and Empire Life Ins. Co. v. Gee (171 Ala. 435), are not in point. The Massachusetts statute is in terms limited in' its application to policies which contain a reference to the application of the insured, either as a part of the policy itself or as having some bearing thereon; and in the Holden Case (supra) it appeared that no application was attached to the policy nor did it contain any reference thereto. The court said: “The policy arid this application are, therefore, not within the terms of the statute,” and, therefore, evidence of fraud in connection with the application was competent. We are not called upon to decide at this time what the effect would have been under the Hew York statute if neither-decedent’s personal application nor any other paper in the nature of an application had been attached to the policy. In this case his personal application was attached, and, if we construe the contract correctly, it in effect said that iri reliance upon ■ that alone the policy was issued. If the defendant desired to consider the examination before the .physician, and the decedent’s answers to the questions contained therein as a — 387 — part of the application relied upon, it should have attached it to the policy. In Johnson v. American National Life Ins. Co. (supra) the defense was founded upon misstatements as to the age of the assured. It does not appear whether the alleged 'misstatement as to age was contained in any application, either oral or written, whether there was in the policy any reference to any application for insurance, or whether any such application was attached to the policy. Under such circumstances the language contained in the opinion in that case as to the effect of fraud must be limited to the facts therein appearing. In the case of Southern Life Ins. Co. v. Hill (supra) judgment went for the defendant upon the ground that there was no valid delivery of the policies, and the statements in the opinion as to the effect of fraud in the application were obiter dicta. The statute of Alabama (2 Code of Alabama, 1907, §§ 1572-1579) contains no provisions sufficiently similar to that here under consideration as to make the decisions of that State helpful. The words of that statute are that “No life, nor any other insurance company, nor any agent thereof, shall make any contract of insurance, or agreement as to policy contract, other than is plainly expressed in the policy issued thereon.” (Id. § 1579.) Although there is nothing in this statute which in express terms requires, as does our statute, that “ applications” relied upon should be indorsed upon or attached to the policy, yet in the case of Manhattan Life Ins. Co. v. Verneuille (156 Ala. 592) the court held that the purpose of this statute was “ to relieve the insured from any statements or agreements not plainly expressed in the policy.” In some of the later decisions in that State the scope of this language was somewhat limited, and the court held that while under section 1579 any contract or agreement relating to same is not binding on the insured, unless expressed in the policy, “ misrepresentations in the application 'x' "x" * and which are not made a part of the contract of insurance, or of an agreement relating to same, are binding on the insured, although not expressed in the policy contract, provided, of course, it is made with the actual intent to deceive, or the risk is thereby increased.” (Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Allen, 166 Ala. 159; Empire Life Ins. Co. v. Gee, supra.) In the latter case the distinction between the Ala-' — 388 — bama statute and that of some other States is pointed out, and the court says: “ In some of the States the statutes forbid the introduction in evidence of applications not attached to policies; but in the statute of this State there is no inhibition against the proof of representations made in the application to the extent that they may be relevant and material to a plea of fraud hi the procurement of the policy.” We think that the order striking out the defenses based upon the alleged misstatements in connection with the 'medical examination was properly made. The order striking out these defenses must be affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and the judgment and the order denying the motion for a new trial must also be affirmed, with costs. Jenks, P. J., Hirschberg, Thomas and Carr, JJ., concurred. Judgment and order affirmed, with costs; order striking out defenses affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.