Smid v. Bernard

Gaynob, J.: The publication set out in the first cause of action purports to be a communication in behalf of local bakers’ union Mo. 22, of the international union, and consists only of statements that the plaintiff had “ declared a fight ” against the said bakers’ union, and refused to employ its members, because they would not work for fifty cents a day, which he offered, and. would wait till workmen got cheaper; and also that the plaintiff once worked for less than union wages;-and concludes with a request to the public in the Bohemian quarter to pass by the plaintiff’s bakery store until he makes up with the union. This is not a libel per se against the plaintiff either in his general character or as touching him in his.business. He had a legal and moral right to do what it says he did; and a publication of that kind is not a libel per se (Homer v. Engelhardt, 117 Mass. 539; People v. Jerome, 1 Mann. (Mich.) 142; Sinsheimer v. United Garment Workers, 77 Hun, 215; Reeves v. Templar, 2 Jur. 137; Cox v. Cooper, 12 W. R. 75; Miller v. David, 22 W. R. 332). Hor can the statement that he wants men to work for fifty cents a day be deemed a libel per se in that it holds him up to contempt for offering starvation wages. If it were permissible to so hold in any case, the court could not do so here without taking judicial notice of the local rate of wages for the different grades of work in bakeries in the Bohemian quarter of Hew York city, for there is no allegation in the complaint on that head; whereas such notice could not even be taken of the rate of wages in bakeries generally. It follows that the first cause of action was properly dismissed, for a publication not libelous per se cannot be a cause of action unless special damage be pleaded as having been caused by it; and there is here no allega — 39 — tion of special damage. The allegation that the plaintiff “ has suffered great loss and damage in his business” of baker, is not an allegation of special damage, but only of general damage. A libel per se may be such against one in his general character, or only because it touches him in his business, occupation or profession, or for both reasons. The law presumes that a libel per se do® damage. The damage thus presumed is called general damage; and under a general allegation in the complaint of damage to character, or to business, or to both, such general damage may be proved. If such a libel be of such a character as to touch the person libelled in his business or profession, then under a general allegation of damage thereto, evidence of a general falling off of business or income is admissible. This is so because the law presumes that a libel per se which touch® one in his business or profession will cause such general damage, i. e., falling off, and therefore such evidence may be given to help to show its extent. As Mr. Odgers says in his scientific and discriminating work on Libel and Slander, as “ the law presumes that the plaintiff is injured in his business, so that the jury must give him some damages, evidence as to the nature and extent of the plaintiff’s business before and after publication is •clearly admissible to enable the jury to fix the amount ” (2nd ed. p. 230-1). Such evidence is not necessary in order to have the qu®tion of such general damage to business or prof®sion submitted to the jury, but it may show such damage to be greater than the jury would have presumed if it had not been given. But in the case of a publication which is not a libel per se, the law will not pr®ume that it does damage of any kind. It therefore follows that a complaint for such a publication stat® no cause of action unless it alleg® special damage, that is to say, specific items of damage, caused by it. Such special damage is (in a word) the •gist of the action, and unless it be alleged no cause of action is alleged. The particular contracts, sales, employment, customers, patients or clients lost must be alleged; and unl®s the plaintiff prove ■such special damage he will be nonsuited, for he cannot have recourse to general damage, for general damage is not allowed in the case of a publication not a libel per se. Evidence of general damage, i. e., of a general falling off of business or income, cannot be received in such an action, because the law will not presume that such falling off was caused by the publication instead of by any of the numerous possible causes or by nothing. And the customer, — 40 — patient, client, and so on, alleged to be lost or not obtained because of the publication, must be examined as a witness to show that he was influenced by such publication, for the mere fact that he quit or was not obtained is no evidence, and raises no presumption, that the publication was the cause of it. And this same rule of pleading and of evidence also applies to special damage in an action for a libel per se, if such damage be there sought in addition to general damage (Odgers, 2nd ed., pp. 220-233; Cruikshank v. Bennett, 30 Misc. Rep. 232; Hallock v. Miller, 2 Barb. 630; Tobias v. Harland, 4 Wend. 536; Squier v. Gould, 14 Wend. 159; Weiss v. Whittemore, 28 Mich. 366). This rule of pleading and of evidence in actions for damages for libel or slander was so well understood and established in England and here that.we find little misunderstanding or misapplication of it, and what there is of late seems to arise from momentary inadvertence. For instance, it seems odd for the clear. English case of Evans v. Harries (26 L. J. Ex. 31) to be cited for the proposition that there are many cases to which this, rule -(t. e., the rule that special damage has to be pleaded in the manner above specified) does not apply, and in which a general allegation of loss of custom, trade, or business earnings is sufficient. Evans v. Harries was the case of a slander per se touching the plaintiff in his business of innkeeper, and, as we have seen, general damage to business is presumed by the law in the case of such a slander or libel per se, and may therefore be proved under a general allegation of damage to business; and that was the precise thing, and the only thing, decided in the case. The judges there did not contradictorily class general damage to business in the case of a slander or libel per se as special damage, and then with even stranger contradiction say it may be-proved under a general allegation of damage. On the contrary, they recognized the consistent and obvious proposition that such general damage comes under the head of general damage, and may therefore be proved under a general allegation of damage to business. There was there an allegation of general damage to the plaintiff’s business, and the court held that a general falling off of business was general damage, and could therefore be proved under the allegation of general damage. But if the words had not been a slander per se, such general falling off of business could not have been proved at all, for the law would not presume that it resulted from such words. No such question arose in Evans v. Harries, — 41 — but only the question whether in the case of a libel or slander per se to one’s business, a general falling off therein could be proved under a general allegation of damage thereto; and the objection to such evidence was overruled. Martin, B., made the point plain by saying: “ Suppose a biscuit maker in Regent street is slandered by a man saying his biscuits are poisoned, and in consequence no one enters his shop. He cannot complain of the loss of any particular customers, for he does not know them; and how hard and unjust it would be if he could not prove the fact of the loss under a general allegation of the loss of custom.” Hnder such “ general allegation ” the court said that such general loss or damage could be proved. Why? Because the words would constitute a slander per se to the biscuit maker in his business, from which the law would presume such general damage to his business, and therefore he would be permitted to give evidence of the extent of such general damage under the general allegation of damage. But if the words were such as not to constitute a slander per se, the law would not permit a presumption of damage, and therefore the plaintiff could get no damage except by pleading and proving special damage. And if he could show no special damage, his case would present no hardship, for that he could show none would show there was none. Words not libelous or slanderous per se are to the court and to people in general apparently harmless, and one who claims that he is nevertheless hurt by them must plead and show how and in what particulars. And as words apparently harmless can do one no general damage, he must therefore allege and show special damage which they did him in order to make them actionable. “ If the plaintiff cannot give the names of those who have ceased to deal with him, or cannot prove that their so ceasing is due to the defendant’s words, he must be nonsuited; although there has in fact been a falling off in his business” (Odgers, p. 227). Instead of there-being many cases to which this rule of pleading and of evidence in respect of special damage does not apply, it will be found on examination, it seems to me, that there is not one, though an inadvertent remark to that effect may of late be found here and there. The rule is that only “ general ” damage can be proved under a “ general ” allegation of damage, and that “ special ” damage can be proved only under an allegation of “ special ” damage. When the difference between what is “ general damage ” and what is “ special damage ” is kept in mind, the rule is always plain. But — 42 — when general damage is inadvertently called special damage, then the rule is confused. Then only do we meet with the contradiction in terms, viz., that special damage may be proved under an allegation of general damage. For instance, while the admission of evidence of a general falling off of business, under a general allegation of damage to business, was sustained in Bergmann v. Jones (94 N. Y. 51), the learned judge writing inadvertently speaks of such general falling off as special damage, whereas it was not special damage, but, on the contrary, the general damage which' the law presumed would come to the plaintiff, in his. business‘.from the.-libel per se in that case. - If the plaintiff in that case had sought damage for the loss of a particular contract, business transaction, or customer, that would have been special damage, and he would not have been permitted to prove it for not having specially pleaded it. It may be well to put in a reminder that there is a limitation to the general rule that in the case of a libel or slander per se touching one in his business or profession the law presumes that it causes general damage thereto, i. e., a general falling off therein. If the publication be not general, but only to one or a few persons, of course it cannot cause such general damage beyond the loss of their custom; for the persons to whom the publication is made are necessarily the only ones who could be influenced by it; and it must be borne in mind that the publisher of defamatory matter is not liable for its .subsequent repetition by others. As oral slanders are almost invark ably spoken in the hearing of only one or a few, this limitation might be said to be the rule with them; nevertheless it seems to have been quite generally lost sight of. In Evans v. Harries, for instance; the learned judges seem not to have thought of it. In the supposed case of the biscuit maker, with his thousand little transient customers, if the slander were uttered in the hearing of only one or a few of them, that could create no presumption of general damage to his business beyond the loss of the custom of such one or few. And yet the judges leave two false impressions, one that a slander uttered in the hearing of only one or a few of them could cause all to stay away, and the other that damage could be got for such slander beyond the loss of the custom of those who heard the defendant utter it. The publication set out in the second cause of action is of the same tenor as that in the first, excepting this: “ And now a word or two with you Hr. Smid. You announce to the world that yo-ur — 43 — label is the true union one, and that it comes from (baker) Paul Eostka. By this you will not deceive all the public, only a small -minority thereof, for our label contains a shock bearing your resemblance. The international union had always the same label, which is before the public to this day and that label has been registered; and it cannot be counterfeited Mr. Smid.” It is claimed for the plaintiff that this accuses the plaintiff of counterfeiting the said union’s label, or of using it on his goods to defraud, and is therefore a libel per- se, as that would be a criminal offense (Penal Code, §§ 364, 438a). But on the contrary, the purport of the words seems to.be that, the label the; plaintiff .uses'is. altogether different to. the label the said union uses, does not resemble it, but that he claims that it is the true international union label. The real accusation seems to be, not that the plaintiff is counterfeiting, simulating or using the union’s label, but that he is falsely claiming that the dissimilar label he uses is the “ true union one ”, and thereby deceiving “ a small minority ” of the public. That the words charge such ■criminal offense is the only meaning claimed by the plaintiff; and as it is alleged as the meaning in the complaint, by way of innuendo, as it is called, none other could he claimed by him. To seek for the true meaning of the words would therefore serve no purpose, so long as they do not bear the said meaning pleaded by the plaintiff. It is a rule of pleading that where the words are equivocal or fairly capable of two meanings, one libelous and the other not, the libelous meaning must be pleaded in the complaint as the one conveyed by the defendant, or else no cause of action is alleged (as in Nealon v. Frisbie, 11 Misc. Rep. 12; Reeves v. Templar, 2 Jur. 137; McGregor v. Gregory, 11 M. & W. 287). It then becomes a question for the jury to say which meaning was conveyed. The rule is indispensable for the one reason, if no other, that the defendant cannot plead the truth as a defense until he is informed of the meaning which he is called upon to plead to. It is not for him to attribute a libelous ■rather than an innocent meaning to his own words. And where there is no equivocalness or ambiguity there is no need of an innuendo in respect of the meaning; but if the plaintiff nevertheless plead a meaning, he is bound thereby at the trial, as in the case of Butler v. Wood (10 How. Pr. 222; affirmed on appeal). The every day rule of certainty in pleading holds him. By pleading a meaning he rejects every other meaning, and the defendant is called upon to plead to that meaning only. H the meaning the plaintiff — 44 — hap pleaded be not "libelous, he must be nonsuited even though the words standing alone have a libelous meaning, for he reduced his complaint to the meaning pleaded, and can shift to no other. It would therefore serve no purpose here if the court were to point out that the words have a libelous meaning standing alone other than the meaning pleaded and insisted on by the plaintiff. It must be borne in mind that we are dealing with a question of pleading, and that therefore the other rule, that when the words aré équív.ocal or ambiguous the question of their meaning is one of fact for"the jury, has no present application, even if the words here be such. It is a question of fact for the jury when it gets' that far.' ■ And on the question of the rule that the meaning pleaded by the plaintiff binds him, it needs to be borne in mind that the decisions in ''jurisdictions where they plead the libel or slander in two counts (as formerly in this State), the first without the innuendo as to meaning' and the second with it, have no application to the present case. There the pleaded meaning in the second count failing, they fall back on the first count, and recover, if they can, on the meaning of the words standing alone. And the same caution applies, óf course, to the decisions in particular cases anywhere where the complaint was in that form. In other words, apart from the innuendo there is a sufficient complaint in such cases to raise an issue on the words standing alone, and therefore to require the defendant to plead accordingly; whereas in the case of a complaint based solely on an alleged meaning (which is the case here), there is not. In other words, again, if (as the cases say) the “ complaint ” be sufficient without the pleaded innuendo, such innuendo may be disregarded; but otherwise not. The motion for a new trial is denied.