Staten Island Midland Railroad v. Hinchcliffe

Gaynor, J. (1) The complaint states eight separate causes of action against the defendant as a director of a stock corporation, seeking to hold him for debts of the corporation for failure of its directors to file an annual report in the month of January in the years 1898, 1899 and 1900, as required by section 30 of the Stock Corporation Law (L. 189‘2, chap. 688). The debts accrued against the corporation before such omissions, viz., in 1897 in the case of some of the causes of action, and fin 1898 in the case of the others. This action was begun in 1900. Section 34 of the said Law was passed since the said causes of action accrued, viz., in 1899 (chap. 354), and provides that a director of such a corporation shall not be liable to a creditor of [626] the corporation for its failure to file such report, unless within three years after such omission such creditor shall have served upon him “ written notice of his intention to hold him personally liable for his claim.” To begin the action within such time would no doubt be equivalent to such notice and make it unnecessary. This is followed by a proviso that any such liability existing at the time of the taking effect of such provision, might “ be enforced by action begun at any time within the year 1899, or by action begun thereafter ” if such written notice should be given within that year, which was the year in which the act was passed. The defendant pleads as a defence to all of the causes of action chat they are barred, in that though they existed prior to the taking effect of the said section 34 in 1899, the plaintiff did not in that year begin action thereon, or give the defendant the prescribed notice of intention to hold him personally liable therefor. This defence is demurred to for insufficiency. It is interposed on the theory that each cause of action must be based on the first omission to file the annual report which occurred after- the debt was incurred by the corporation, and cannot be based on a subsequent omission; that the action allowed by the statute is penal, and cannot arise or be renewed on successive omissions, but arises only once. If the plaintiff could base his action on the omission of 1900 such defence would not be applicable at all. I do not see that section 34 will bear the construction which this defence calls for. By the regular statute of limitations (Code Oiv. Pro., § 383, subd'. 3) the defendant had three years from the time when his rights of action accrued against the defendant within which to commence action thereon. As we have seen, some of them accrued by the failure of the corporation to file its annual report in January, 1898, and the others by such failure in January, 1899, and the statute of limitations had therefore run against none of them when this action was begun, i. e., in 1900. Plainly, the intention of the legislature was not to shorten this limitation of three years by- the proviso of section 34 in a case like the present one. That section was not passed to meet the case of a creditor with a debt due against the corporation at the time of the omission to file the annual report, and whose cause of action against the directors therefore accrues upon such omission, and can be brought within three years thereafter; but to meet the ease of a creditor [627] having a claim against the corporation which has not yet matured at the time of such omission, and where his right of action against the directors would therefore not accrue until his debt had matured, as in Morgan v. Hedstrom (25 App. Div. 547; 164 N. Y. 224), where the indebtedness arose upon mortgage bonds of the company, which were payable in ten years from their date, and had not yet matured and had more than three years to run at the time of such omission by some of the defendants. The meaning of the provision is that directors shall not be liable in such cases unless the prescribed notice is served on them within three years after such omission; but as the application of such provision to all such cases immediately on its passage would obviously have cut. off some existing rights of action, against which the statute of limitations had not yet run, the proviso was added that they might be brought during that year, i. e., 1899, or thereafter if such notice should be given in that year; which means. they might be brought during 1899 (but only within the regular period allowed by the statute of limitations) if three years from the omission of the directors had already expired at the passage of the act, or would expire before the beginning of 1900; and thereafter (but of course also within the regular period allowed by the statute of limitations) in cases where such three years from the omission would run beyond 1899, upon giving such notice before the expiration of 1899. To give the said section the construction contended for by the defendant would attribute to the legislature the strange intention of shortening the limitation in cases where the cause of action arose against the directors by their omission to file the annual report after the debt had matured against the corporation; whereas the legislature was not dealing with such cases at all, but with cases where by reason of an obligation of the corporation not having come due the cause of action had not accrued or would not in future cases accrue against the directors within three years after their omission. (2) There is another defence to all of the causes of action which is demurred to. Each of the eight causes of action in the complaint is based on an allegation that the plaintiff paid an indebtedness of the stock corporation of which the defendant was a director, and that such stock corporation thereby became indebted to the plaintiff therefor, and the omission of the defendant and [628] his co-directors to file the annual report of such corporation is alleged as making the defendant liable for such debt. After reading the pages of painful verbiage which make up the so-called defence which is now being considered, it is found to come down to this, i. e., that the several debts alleged in the said causes of action were paid by a certain named firm; and that if the plaintiff paid any of them it did so as the agent of the said firm and out of its funds. How can this be called a “ defence ” in pleading? The plaintiff pleads that it paid them, and bases its cause of action thereon. The answer denies that it paid them, and thereby raises issue thereon. Under this any and all evidence tending to show that the plaintiff did not pay them is admissible. This is common knowledge in our learned profession. Why then plead as a “ defence ” that some one else paid them ? That is not a “ defence ” at all; nor, for that matter, does it matter who paid them, or that they were ever paid, if the plaintiff did not pay them. A “ defence ” in pleading can only consist of “ new matter constituting a defence” (Code Civ. Pro. § 500), i. e., new matter which if all of the allegations of the complaint be taken as true will nevertheless defeat the action. This is also common knowledge in our profession. Matter which is provable under a denial is not new matter at all, and cannot constitute a “ defence ” in pleading. No matter is new which is provable under the issue raised by a denial, but only matter which is outside of that issue, like a general release, a former adjudication, the truth of the matter alleged as a slander, that the contract sued on is fraudulent, and so on. “ New matter ” means matter other than that embraced in the issue raised by a denial or denials. To repeat, the sufficiency of a “ defence ” in pleading has to be tested by the question whether taking all of the allegations of the complaint to be true it constitutes a defence to the action (Staten Island R. Co. v. Hinchcliffe, 34 Misc. Rep. 49; Durst v. Brooklyn Heights R. Co., 33 Misc. Rep. 124). This so-called “ defence ” is only confusing verbiage which should not be allowed to remain and distract the trial judge. It is a mere recitation of the evidence by which the defendant proposes to prove that the plaintiff did not pay the said debts. The demurrers are sustained with costs. .