Hopper v. Britt

Gaveoan, J. This application is made by the petitioner, a citizen and elector of the .county of Hew York, for-a writ of mandamus directing tbe hoard of elections to disregard certain provisions of chapter 64:9 of the Laws of 1911, amending the Election Laws generally and especially with regard to the method of preparing the ballot, and compelling that body to prepare and print the official ballot to be used at the coming ©lection in accordance with the provisions of section 331 of the Election Law as it stood prior to its amendment by chapter 64:9 of the Laws of 1911. The particular provision in question relates to tbe restriction that the names of candidates named by more than one political party or independent body shall not appear more than once on the printed official ballot. The law further changes the method of voting a straight ticket, and the effect of -a cross mark in 'the circle at the head of a column as follows: Under the old law the elector making a single cross in the circle at the head of a column was thereby enabled to vote for every candidate named by his party. Under the new law — 371 — the elector desiring to vote for a multiple candidate must make an additional cross mark in the voting space before the name of each such candidate nominated by his party or independent body, but appearing only in a column of another party or independent body. A cross mark in the circle at the head of one column would, therefore, have a totally different effect from a cross mark in the circle at the head of another column. The question to be determined is whether the Legislature has the power to restrict the printing of a candidate’s name to one party column. There are involved in the question- (1) the rights of candidates of two or more parties, (2) the rights of political parties and (3) the rights of electors. I shall confine this discussion to the effect of the law on the guaranteed rights and privileges of electors collectively and individually, regarding it as premature to consider at this time the effect of the law on the rights of candidates as such. Where the Massachusetts ballot prevails, that is, where the party columns have been abolished, and the names of candidates are grouped under the title of the office, and a vote for each requires a separate mark, there can be no injustice in providing that the name of the candidate shall appear but once; but where the Hew York form of ballot obtains and the political party is treated as a separate entity and the party column is retained, all parties must under our Constitution 'be treated alike, and no party can be deprived of the privilege secured to any other party of having the names of its candidates appear in its party column. The right to merely nominate is empty and ineffective unless the act of a convention or of those nominating by petition be followed by compliance with other provisions of the Election Law and be reduced to the form of an official ballot to be submitted to the electors. The plain meaning of the term “ nominate ” is “ to designate by name,” that is, to “ name,” not merely to refer to some place where the name can be found. Otherwise one party would have the right to name, another party not the right to name, or, reduced to an absurdity, one party would have the right to nominate and another party would have the right not to nominate. The so-called Levy Act grants to all political — 372 — parties and independent bodies the right to nominate, but only to some political parties and independent bodies the right to name, substituting therefor the right to refer to some other column on the ballot wherein the name can be found. Under this act a candidate nominated by two or more parties or independent bodies would have it within his power to destroy one or more of them and create political chaos. If a candidate for Governor, for example, were nominated first by the Democratic party, then by the Prohibition party, as actually happened within recent- years in the case of a candidate for another State office, and chose to have his name printed only in the Prohibition party column, there would obviously be no votes for Governor in the column of the Democratic party, which, under the law requiring 10,000 votes for Governor to entitle it to a legal existence and official position, would mean its annihilation as a regular party organization. Plainly, a law which grants to each of two parties or bodies the right to nominate the same candidate and at the same time grants to the candidate the right to discriminate against one of those parties or bodies by preventing his name from appearing on its column is unequal and unfair in its operation. The very object of the Election Law, as declared "in its original title, was to make independent voting easy, not difficult, "and the courts of this State have ’always condemned statutes which make arbitrary distinctions in favor of one political class against another. The latest decision of the Court of Appeals is in Matter of Callahan, 200 N. Y. 60, which declared invalid and unconstitutional a former provision of the Election Law preventing a committee of a party from nominating as its own candidate a candidate already in nomination by another party or body. The following are quotations from the opinion of Chief Judge Cullen in that case: “ If the legislature does grant to any convention, committee or body the right to make nominations, it cannot limit the right of such convention, committee or body to nominate as its candidate any person who is qualified for the office. * * * I insist that the legislature has not the right to legislate so as to induce either partisan voting or independent voting. * * " — 373 — The fact is plain that' the legislative provision is' solely intended to prevent political combinations and fusions, and this is the very thing that I insist there is no right to prevent or hamper as long as our theory of government prevails, that the source of all power is the people, as represented, by the electors.” That decision is clear and controlling, and were it not for the limitation sought to be placed on the meaning of the term “ nomination ” in one of- the preliminary provisions of the Levy Act, under the heading “ Definitions,” not a single word of reasoning would be necessary to show its full application to the question raised here. The definition is as follows: “ The term * nomination ’ means the selection in accordance with the provisions of this chapter of a candidate,” etc. Heretofore it has been generally understood that the right of a political party to nominate a candidate included the right to submit his name to the electorate on its party column. Hnder this limited statutory meaning there would be no advantage lost to a single party nominating its own candidates only, but-there would be an obvious disadvantage to multiple parties nominating the same candidates in common. But even if the question raised by this amendment in its relation to the rights of political parties could be differentiated by legislative refinement of definition from the rule laid down in the Matter of Callahan, we are still able to consider the question in relation to the rights of (the individual elector under the terms of the Constitution itself, which are so plain and unmis.taka.ble as not to he susceptible of change by either legislative or judicial definition. This brings us to the examination of the .amendment with relation to the rights of electors as individuals, which is the more important question. One need not search very far into the Constitution for the provision which it is claimed this amendment contravenes, for it is found at the very opening thereof, and constitutes the foundation, as it were, upon which rest all other rights secured and guaranteed to the citizens of this State by its organic law. It reads as follows: Article I, section 1. “ Ho member'of this State shall be disfranchised, or deprived of any of the rights or privileges secured to any citizen thereof, unless by the law — 374 — of the land,or the judgment of his peers.” The.words “ unless by the law of the land or the judgment of his peers ” may be disregarded as having no application to the present controversy. An examination of the Constitutions of those States whose courts have rendered decisions upon which the respondents rely discloses no such provision. It may, therefore, very well be that the Constitutions in thos,e particular States ..are not violated, whereas a similar provision would violate the Constitution of this 'State. In any event, the •reasoning of those decisions can be of but little value here, since it is based upon premises other than those which must be adopted by the courts of this State. I shall, therefore, leave to the reviewing courts any extended discussion of those authorities. Even the California case (Murphy v. Curry, 137 Cal. 479), cited by the petitioner, is not an authority in point, since the provisions of the Levy Act fairly meet and overcome every objection urged against the California statute, in the opinion of that 'court. Indeed, the Levy Act was evidently drawn with great regard for similar statutes in some States where they had been held to be constitutional, and with great care to meet and overcome objections to similar statutes pointed out by the .courts of other States where they had been declared unconstitutional, but with apparently no regard for the plain provisions of the Constitution of this State. The more important question, as I have said, is as to the- rights of the electors to vote for candidates. It is not a question of voting for the man, but for the candidate; that is, in convention or nomination by petition, as the case may be, the man is voted for, but when nominated he becomes the candidate, and when the election takes place it is the candidate who is voted for. The elector voting for a multiple party candidate is deprived of the privilege of indicating his party principles, which privilege is secured to the elector voting for a single party candidate, and this becomes essential when it is considered that our governmental policies are determined by choice of parties. When there is an absolute conflict between the platforms of two political parties, both of which have nominated the same candidate or candidates, as may well occur on the question — 375 — of municipal ownership of subways and.other public utilities, how is the elector whose party column does not contain the names of his candidates going to indicate his choice of platform or party principles? As-governmental policies are to a large extent shaped by a prevailing party whose principles are indicated in its platform, the elector whose candidates are selected by his own and one or more additional parties should not be deprived of the free opportunity of indicating his choice of governmental policies by voting for all his candidates on a ticket which indicates his choice of party principles. Clearly this provision discriminates in favor of the citizen exercising his right of suffrage for a single party candidate against the citizen exercising his right of suffrage for a multiple party candidate. The accepted meaning of the term “ privilege ” is “ a peculiar advantage.” The so-called Levy Act secures to' a member of a party or independent body all of whose candidates are named in his party column the peculiar advantage, in the sense that it .is confined to his class, of being permitted to vote for his entire list of candidates by making one (X) in the circle at the head of his party column, while it deprives the member of a party whose candidates 'are not named in his party column of the same advantage, and compels him, in voting for the entire list of his party candidates, to make an (X) in the circle at the head of his party column and then another (X) before the name of each of the candidates not contained in his party column, but appearing in some other party’s column, after tracing the name of his candidate through a system of references and cross-references more fittingly associated with a railroad time-table than with the solemn record of an elector’s suffrage; ISTor must it be forgotten that if the act deprives one man who is typical of a class from a privilege secured to others of the same class it is unconstitutional. It is obvious that under this amendment the only way an illiterate voter can vote a straight ticket is by making an ( X ) in the circle at the top of a column which contains the names of all of his party candidates, which, of course, .excludes illiterate voters from voting a straight ticket where the names of their party candidates are contained in — 376 — different columns. Here we are confronted with an increase in the qualifications of a voter who is typical of a class, which is an additional argument against the validity of the act. Who will say that it is not an advantage both to illiterate and literate voters, many of whom may prefer to accept their party’s nomination of a candidate as a complete guaranty of his-fitness, being1'unable for many reasons themselves to investigate such fitness, to be permitted to vote their straight party ticket by making one (X) in the circle under their party emblem? And yet the Legislature would take from electors voting for multiple candidates this advantage, which under the old law was given to all electors, and make it a peculiar advantage, that is, give a monopoly of it to a limited privileged class of electors. Instances might be multiplied illustrating the unequal operation of this -act and its unjust discrimination against electors voting for multiple party candidates. Suffice it to say that the right of suffrage and the privilege of exercising it without let or hindrance under the same conditions and terms secured to other- citizens is guaranteed by article -I, section 1, of the Constitution to every elector of this- State. Section 331 of the Election Laws of 1911 deprives the petitioner -and other electors of that privilege and is, therefore, invalid and unconstitutional. With regard to respondents’ contention that there is no real controversy before the court which it has power to decide at this time, it seems to me it might as well be 'argued that this court had no power to pass upon the constitutionality of a legislative act which in terms disfranchises one-half of the citizens. To refuse .to entertain the application until after the ballots were, printed might effectually prevent its ever being of any avail. People ex rel. Morris v. Wrighton, 56 N. J. Law, 125. Finally it is well established that, where the duty the.performance of which is sought to be compelled is a public duty, a writ of mandamus will be issued without consideration of prior demand and refusal. People ex rel. O’Brien v. Cruger, 12 App. Div. 536, and authorities therein cited. The question is an important ' one and ought- to be settled before the time arrives for the printing of the ballots for the ensuing general election. I — 377 — would, therefore, suggest that an appeal from the order to be entered hereon he immediately taken and diligently prosecuted, either by one of the parties to this proceeding or by an elector, who will be permitted to intervene for that purpose. Application granted.