Leddy v. Carley

Benedict, J. This .action is a common law action for negligence claimed to have resulted in the death of plaintiff’s intestate, who was in the employ of the defendant at the time of the accident which caused his death. The proof was in substance that plaintiff’s intestate, James Leddy, was employed by defendant, who was in the plumbing business in the borough of Brooklyn, and that, on July 6, 1911, Janies Leddy was engaged in the course of his employment in laying a connecting drain from the sewer in Milton street to a dwelling. James Leddy’s son, John M. Leddy, was assisting him. They made the excavation, a trench about twelve feet deep at its greatest depth, and from one to two feet wide at top and bottom. The character of the soil was, generally speaking, a friable sandy soil with some loose stones in it. In addition to digging this trench up to the sidewalk, they tunneled part way under the sidewalk. While working in this part of the excavation, the earth caved in and a boulder struck James Leddy who then was lying prone at the bottom of the trench, and that blow or suffocation from the smothering sand, or both combined, had caused his death by the time his body was taken out. The excavation had been finished about twelve o’clock, and the accident occurred after James Leddy and his son — 548 — had returned from dinner, and while they were engaged in putting in the pipe. There - was evidence that when the work of excavation was finished or nearly finished James Leddy had told Carley that the trench ought to be shored up, that the bank was caving in and falling on him, and that Carley replied that it was not necessary, that there were only a couple of lengths of pipe to be put in, and that then they could fill it up. There was also evidence that Carley had planks at his shop, which was near by, suitable for shoring, and that during a part of the time, at least, while the excavation was being made Carley was present superintending or at any rate supervising the work, and that he was present at the time of the accident. James Leddy was fifty-seven years of age and was an experienced man in that sort of work. At the close of plaintiff’s evidence defendant’s motion for a nonsuit was granted. Under well established rules the plaintiff was entitled to the most favorable inferences in support of his cause of action which the facts proved, if assumed to be true, would justify. The decedent himself prepared the trench, and hence there could be no recovery but for the fact that he complained to the defendant of the danger of a cave-in, and requested that the trench be shored up, which request defendant refused, assuring decedent that it was not necessary. The general rule is that where .the servant prepares his own place in which to do his work, the master is not liable for any injuries resulting from the dangerous character of such place, or, in other words that the rule requiring the master to use reasonable care to provide his servant with a safe place in which to work does not apply in such cases, and a .similar rale applies where the place is prepared by the fellow servants of the injured employee, if the progress of the work itself creates the danger, and all are engaged in the prosecution of the same enterprise. Citrone v. O’Rourke Engineering Const. Co., 188 N. Y. 339; Mullin v. Genesee County El. L. P. & G. Co., 202 id. 275. Where, however, one set of servants prepares and finishes a trench for the laying.of pipe, they are not fellow servants for those after-wards sent into the trench to lay the pipe. Kranz v. Long — 549 — Island R. Co., 123 N. Y. 1; Schmit v. Gillen, 41 App. Div. 302. That the decedent in the case at bar, when the trench was complete or substantially complete, asked the defendant to have it shored up, and that the defendant knowing the condition of the trench, both from decedent’s statement and from having been personally present, refused to grant this request and in substance directed decedent to lay the pipe therein without having it shored up — these facts, in my opinion, serve to take this case out of the rule announced in the Citrone and Mullin cases, supra, and to leave the way open for the application of the rule that the master must use reasonable care to provide his servant with a safe place in which to work. These facts placed the master m practically the same position as if the decedent had had nothing to do with preparing the trench, and so bring the case within the doctrine of Kranz v. Long Island R. Co., supra, and Schmit v. Gillen, supra. See also Stuber v. McEntee, 142 N. Y. 200. It still remains, however, to consider the question whether the decedent assumed the risk of injury, or was guilty of contributory negligence, because he knew of the danger. The only evidence introduced by the plaintiff to take the case out of the doctrine of the many authorities holding that an employee who continues his work with knowledge of the danger assumes the risk or is guilty of contributory negligence was the interview between the decedent and defendant already referred to. But, so far as the question of assumption of risk is concerned, it must be remembered that the burden of proof was on the defendant (Dowd v. New York, O. & W. R. Co., 170 N. Y. 459; Jenks v. Thompson, 179 id. 20) and this case I regard as a case involving the question of assumption of risk rather than the question of contributory negligence, although some of the cases to which I shall refer use the latter term apparently interchangeably with assumption of risk. The witness, John' M. Leddy, testified as follows: “ He (decedent) told Carley that the bank was caving in and was falling in on him; and then he asked Carley was he going to shore up the bank, and — 550 — Oarley answered — that is all he said — and Oarley answered him hack that it was not necessary, ' You only got a couple more lengths of pipe to put in, and then we will fill it in.’ ” The witness Gleason also testified to the same conversation, as follows: “ I heard Leddy say to Oarley: ' Boss, do you think it will he all right to shore that up ? ’ And he says, 'Go ahead, Jimmy, I don’t think it will be necessary; there is only a couple of lengths to go in.’ Q. Say that again so the jury can hear you. A. He says, ' Do you think it will be all right to shore this up ? ’ And he says — Oarley says, ' Ho, I don’t think it will be necessary; we only got a couple of lengths to go in, and then we will fill in.’ ” This testimony would, I think, have justified the jury in inferring that the defendant ordered James Leddy to work in the trench as it was, and assured him that it was safe to do so — that is, the jury might have inferred that the decedent so understood the defendant, and was justified in so doing. We are then brought to a consideration of the question whether an assurance of safety by the master under the circumstances of this case would relieve the employee of assumption of risk, or make that question a question for the jury rather than for the court. While the authorities are not wholly harmonious on this question, they support in general the conclusions ably stated by Shiras, J., in Haas v. Balch, 56 Fed. Rep. 984, where, after observing that “ The fact that the assurance of safety has been given is one to be weighed in each case,” continued as follows: " If, in a given instance, the servant, being of mature age and of ordinary intelligence, has equal knowledge with the master of the dangers to be apprehended, and he voluntarily subjects himself thereto, knowing of their existence, the mere fact that he had received an assurance that there was no risk to be dreaded or avoided might be of little avail in relieving him from the charge of contributory negligence. On the other hand, if the master or his representative has superior knowledge or means of knowledge of a given situation and of its safety or the contrary, and he — 551 — assures the servant that he can safely undertake a given work, such an assurance may justify the servant in undertaking the work in reliance upon the superior knowledge of the master, and without being liable to the charge of negligence in so doing, unless the danger, in the language of the Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. McElligott, 117 U. S. 621, 633, is ' so imminent or manifest as to prevent a reasonably prudent man from risking it.’ ” In that case plaintiff was one of a gang of men engaged in grading down a street, it being his duty to shovel dirt in cars. In so doing, he was required to go underneath an overhanging bank. He inquired of the foreman if it was safe to work there, and the foreman assured him that it was. Plaintiff was injured by the falling of the bank, and it was held that it was for the jury to say whether plaintiff had assumed the risk; for the foreman had superior knowledge, on which plaintiff was entitled to rely. This decision is in line with authorities in many states. L. & N. R. Co. v. Handley, 56 So. Rep. (Ala.), 539; Walter v. Fisher, 96 Ill. App. 590; Chicago W. & U. Coal Co. v. Moran, 110 id. 664; aff’d, 210 Ill. 9, 13, 14; Keen’s Admr. v. Keystone Crescent Lumber Co., 118 S. W. Rep. (Ky.) 355, 356; Haley v. Case, 142 Mass. 316; McKee v. Tourtellotte, 167 id. 69; Sanders v. N. Y. Central & H. R. R. Co., 98 N. E. Rep. (Mass.) 927; Burnside v. Novelty Mfg. Co., 121 Mich. 115; Duerst v. St. Louis Stamping Co., 163 Mo. 607, 614, 621, 622; Burkhard v. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., 217 Mo. 466. On the other hand where the servant has equal knowledge of the danger with the master, the latter’s assurance of safety will not relieve the. servant of the assumption of risk. Kenney v. Hingham Cordage Co., 168 Mass. 278; Toomey v. Eureka Iron & Steel Works, 89 Mich. 249; Rohrabacher v. Woodard, 124 id. 125. In New York the authorities seem to be in accord with the doctrine stated in Haas v. Balch, supra. Thus in Hawley v. Northern Central R. Co., 82 N. Y. 270, it was held that a locomotive engineer was not chargeable with contributory negligence as matter of law because he knew that the — 552 — road was in a defective condition, when he had been ordered by the defendant to run his engine over it as he did. The court said: “ We must take into account the plaintiff’s position. His business was that of an engineer, and unless he obeyed orders and ran his engine he would have been obliged to abandon defendant’s service. Of one thus situated the law should not be too exacting. We must assume that the officers of defendant, who had charge' of the road, and must have known its condition, deemed it safe; and the plaintiff had the right to rely somewhat upon their judgment. Other employees of the road, and hundreds of passengers, were daily trusting their lives upon the road, and on the day of the accident he was ordered to and did precede a passenger train. Under such circumstances, was the plaintiff bound to set up his judgment against that of all others and determine for himself that the road was absolutely unsafe for the passage of his engine, and abandon his position as engineer, or take upon himself the risk caused by defendant’s negligence ?” In Daley v. Schaaf, 28 Hun, 314, it appeared that plaintiff’s intestate was engaged with others in carrying bricks from the street to an elevator used to convey them to the upper floors of a building under construction. The elevator was a primitive affair and bricks had fallen from above in the course of removing them from the elevator. Two of the men afterward attempted to put up some planks to shield the men below, but were stopped by one of the defendants, who made them take down the plank already placed in position, saying that they did not need it, that it was all secure above and there was no danger. It was held that the question of contributory negligence was properly submitted to the jury. The court among other things said: “'Whatever may be the rules of law governing the relations of master and servant, strictly construed with reference to the adjudged cases, none of them have gone so far as to hold the master free from responsibility where the work undertaken is apparently dangerous, but as to which he gives assurances to his workmen that there.is no danger. Under — 553 — such circumstances he assumes the risk, and not the workmen. If that is not the law, it ought to be.” (Italics mine.) The court further remarked: “ It would be very extraordinary for the courts to declare, after an assurance given to an employe by the employer like that which was given to the deceased, that he should be held unaccountable if there was in fact danger and an injury was sustained in consequence without fault on the part of the employe. If there had been no such declaration made the rule to be applied to the facts might be very different. When there is apparent danger in the calling or employment, and notwithstanding the exhibition of it by the facts and circumstances the employ* r assures the employe that there is no danger, and an inju.y results, the most liberal rule that the employer can expect is to have the question of contributory negligence submitted to the jury.” To these views I unhesitatingly subscribe. In Doyle v. Baird, 15 Daly, 287, the plaintiff was injured by the caving in of the sides of a trench in made ground, in which he had been ordered to work by the defendant’s foreman. The court held that it was error to dismiss the complaint, saying on the question of contributory negligence: “ Dor do we think contributory negligence is to be imputed to the appellant because he obeyed the foreman’s command, and went to work at the bottom of the trench, although he had the same opportunity for observing any apparent insecurity which said foreman, or even the master, had. * * Whether the banks of a deep trench will or will not cave in involves a question in civil engineering. A workman of ordinary intelligence cannot be required at his peril to solve a problem fitted only for specially educated experts.” In Chadwick v. Brewsher, 39 N. Y. St. Reph. 718, the plaintiff, a journeyman house painter, was injured because of the fall of a painter’s scaffold which was suspended from planks laid on the roof and projecting over. On the first day the plaintiff had fastened the planks at the inner end by tying them, but his employer, the defendant, said it was not necessary, that they would "hold without tying all that could — 554 — be placed on the scaffold. Subsequently the defendant moved the scaffold to other places without tying or otherwise securing the inner ends of the planks. Plaintiff knew of this condition. The cause of the falling of the scaffold was the failure to secure the planks. It was held that plaintiff did not assume the risk. The court said: “ Here we may assume that the plaintiff knew as much about how the planks were placed as his master did, but that he did not know as well as his master did the danger which was latent in such an adjustment of them. It is one thing to know the visible conditions, and may be quite another to know what they indicate. In the present case the master assumed to know, and by virtue of his assumed superiority of l-nowledge he dispelled his servant’s apprehensions.” In this case it appeared that the plaintiff had been a painter for about fifty years and the defendant for about thirty-eight years. See, also, Kain v. Smith, 89 N. Y. 375, and McGovern v. Central Vermont R. Co., 123 N. Y. 280. The doctrine of the foregoing cases has been recognized and approved even in cases where it was held that the employee was not entitled to recover because for some reason it was not applicable. Marsh v. Chickering, 101 N. Y. 396, 399; Sweeney v. Berlin & Jones Envelope Co., 101 id. 520, 524-525; Caciatore v. Transit Cons. Co., 147 App. Div. 676. In the case last cited the trial judge charged the following request: “ In determining the question of plaintiff’s contributory negligence and also the question of plaintiff’s assumption of the risks that the plaintiff was entitled to rely upon the assurance of safety given by defendant, if one was given, and was also entitled to rely upon the superior knowledge and experience of the defendant in such work.” This was held error upon the ground, it would appear, that it was an instruction to the jury that they must find the plaintiff free from contributory negligence if they believed that an assurance of safety had been given, whereas that was merely a fact to be taken into consideration in considering the questions of contributory negligence and assumption of risk. The court expressly recognized the doctrine of Kain v. Smith, supra; McGovern v. Central Ver — 555 — mont R. Co., supra, and Chadwick v. Brewster, supra, and quoted with apparent approval the language of Mr. Justice Holmes, while a justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, in McKee v. Tourtellotte, 167 Mass. 70, as follows : “ When we say that a man appreciates a danger, we mean that he forms a judgment as to the future, and that his judgment is right. But if, against this judgment is set the judgment of a superior, one, too, who, from the nature of the callings of the two men and of the superior’s duty, seems likely to make the more accurate forecast, and if to this is, added a command to go on with his work and to run the risk, it becomes a complex question of the particular circumstances whether the inferior is not justified as a prudent man in surrendering his own opinion and obeying the command. The nature and the degree of the danger, the extent of the plaintiff’s appreciation of it, and the exigency of the work, all enter into consideration, and no universal rule can be laid down.” Applying these principles to the case at bar, we find that plaintiff’s intestate was directed to work in the trench, and was assured that it was unnecessary to shore it up, apparently on the ground that the work would take only a short time. Although the decedent was a man of experience, he could not, as a common laborer, be expected -to know fully the danger of the trench caving in (Doyle v. Baird, supra), and the defendant, if he did not have superior knowledge, at least assumed to have it. Chadwick v. Brewher, supra. The defendant was present, saw the trench, and directed decedent to work there without its being shored up, and told decedent, in answer to the latter’s request that it be shored up, that this was unnecessary as there were only a couple of lengths of pipe to be put in. Was decedent obliged to set his judgment against the judgment of his employer and throw up his job, or as an alternative assume the -risk of injury from his employer’s negligence? I think not; I think that he was entitled to rely upon his employer’s presumably superior knowledge, and, hence, that he was not chargeable with assumption of risk or contributory negligence as matter of law. — 556 — The Court of Appeals in the recent cases of Fitzwater v. Warren, 206 N. Y. 355, and Welch v. Waterbury Co., id. 522, has repudiated the doctrine of assumption of obvious risks in cases where the master has neglected the performance of a statutory duty. These cases are not, of course, directly applicable to the case at bar, for here the duty claimed to have been neglected was not a statutory duty. But they indicate a salutary tendency on the part of the Court of Appeals— to which the lower courts should and well may give heed — to confine the doctrine of assumption of obvious risks within as narrow limits as is possible without resorting to judicial legislation. If public policy requires that the employee shall not be permitted to waive the performance of a statutory duty on the part of the master by continuing to work with knowledge that it has not been performed, it likewise requires that he shall not be deemed to have waived the performance of a common law duty because he has some knowledge of the danger, if he has received the assurance of his employer that the place where he is directed to work is safe or that further precautions are unnecessary, unless it clearly appears that his knowledge and appreciation of the danger is fully equal to that which the master has or ought to have if he performs his duty. For these reasons I now think that the' complaint should not have been dismissed. There was sufficient evidence to go to the jury on the question of the defendant’s negligence, and I think the plaintiff was entitled to have the questions of contributory negligence and assumption of risk also submitted to the jury. The motion for a new trial is, therefore, granted, but, as it is for an error of law, no costs are imposed. Motion granted, no costs.