Klein v. Supreme Council of Loyal Ass'n

Shearn, J. Tbis action was brought to recover $1,000, tbe amount for which tbe defendant bad issued its benefit certificate upon the life of Greorge Klein, the husband of tbe plaintiff. Tbe defendant set up as affirmative defenses (1) misrepresentation and fraud by Klein in procuring membership; and (2) suicide or self-destruction. As to tbe first defense, tbe constitution and laws of tbe defendant provided that: “Application shall not be received from a barkeeper or other person who at any time sells or serves intoxicating liquors to be drunk on tbe premises.” It is undisputed that when tbe deceased applied for membership be was, and at all times thereafter continued to be, a bartender and liquor saloon proprietor. As to tbe second defense, tbe constitution and laws of tbe defendant provided that: “ No benefit shall be paid upon — 218 — the death of a member who shall die by suicide, or self destruction, committed by the member whether sane or insane.” The body of the deceased was found by a policeman lying in a vacant lot about ten miles from the home of deceased; there were green and yellow stains on his lips and chin; alongside the body was found a blue bottle on which was marked “ Carbolic Acid;” the coroner’s inquest showed that deceased had died of carbolic acid poisoning; and the bottle found alongside the body was one taken by the deceased from his home. On the issue of suicide, it is difficult to see how the jury arrived at its conclusion. When the verdict was rendered, the learned trial judge, who subsequently denied-the motion to set aside the verdict, stated: “ It seems to me that the verdict can only be the result of probably unintentional sympathy and prejudice against the defendant and in favor of the plaintiff.” Nevertheless, while the decision in Benard v. Protected Home Circle, 161 App. Div. 59, stands it would seem unwarrantable to interfere with the jury’s verdict. Numerous and interesting questions are very ably discussed in the briefs of counsel, but the only one that it is necessary to consider is the one decisive of the appeal, namely, the alleged waiver by the defendant of the concededly false representation made by the deceased in his application. The defendant organization is composed of a number of local councils, as is usual with these benefit societies. The president or head of the local was called the “ councilor.” The councilor of local No. 17, who for more than eight years had visited the deceased’s saloon and bought drinks from him, persuaded the deceased to drop other insurance and join the defendant order. Plaintiff admitted that the question of the deceased’s ineligibility by reason of his business was brought up and discussed before the application was — 219 — signed. She testified: “ Q. Did Mr. Miller [the councilor] speak to your husband regarding the saloon business? A. Yes. Q. "What did he say? A. He said, ‘ I will fix it up all right. ’ He said ‘ I will put you in as a lunch room.’ Q. Did he tell him to say that? A. Yes, he told him to put it as a lunch man.” Intemperate habits may seriously affect the risk in life insurance. In view of the opportunity for the temptation to excessive drinking in the caste of a saloon keeper or bartender, it was a reasonable rule and sound policy for this order tó adopt excluding’ saloon keepers and bartenders from membership. It was decided in Dwight v. Germania Life Ins. Co., 103 N. Y. 341, that a false statement that the applicant for insurance had not been engaged in or connected with the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors was a breach of warranty and forfeited the policy. It is contended, however, in the case at bar, that the defendant waived the forfeiture by the acts of the councilor or head of the local, who was a party to the misrepresentation, notwithstanding the following provisions of the constitution and laws of the defendant, which were part of the contract sued upon, and which were introduced in evidence by the plaintiff: “No act of a subordinate council or of any member thereof in the admission of any person to membership in this council, and no act of any member for his own or his beneficiary’s advantage, shall be recognized by or be deemed binding upon the supreme council, or as entitling the person admitted or the beneficiary named, to any benefits from this association, unless such acts shall be in accordance with the provisions contained in the laws and constitutions prescribed by the supreme council. ’ ’ This contention completely loses sight of the principle upon which the cases rest which apply the rule — 220 — of waiver. “ The rule which charges a principal with the knowledge of his agent is for the protection of innocent third persons. If a person colludes with an agent to cheat the principal, the latter is not responsible for the act or knowledge of the agent. ’ ’ May on Ins., § 133B. It was said in Wood v. American Fire Ins. Co., 149 N Y. 382, 386: “ To take the benefit of a contract with full knowledge of all the facts and attempt afterwards to defeat it, when called upon to perform, by asserting conditions relating to those facts would be to claim that no contract was made and thus operate as a fraud upon the other party.” Here the fraud perpetrated is upon the insurer and not upon the insured. Here the beneficiary of the deception practiced upon the insurer, and with actual knowlege of the cheat, is asserting the waiver. To apply, for the benefit of’a beneficiary of a fraud with knowledge of the deception, a waiver based upon the necessity and justice of protecting innocent persons against fraud would be very illogical and quite absurd. Cases such as Wood v. American Fire Ins. Co., supra; Skinner v. Norman, 165 N. Y. 565, and Stewart v. Union M. L. I. Co., 155 id. 257, do not seem to me to be at all in point. If the councilor had told the deceased that he could get the deceased admitted to membership in spite of his disqualification and if the deceased had signed a truthful application, and on that truthful application had been admitted by the local, the situation wouíd be quite different and it might well be held that the requirement as to his occupation had been waived. But, instead, the deceased, knowing that he was ineligible, colluded with the agent to cheat and deceive the defendant. No such element existed in any of the above cited cases. In the Wood case, not only was there no deception and no possible claim of fraud, but it was not definitely known until the case was decided by the Court of Ap — 221 — peals what legal effect the transfer of the interest of one of the members of a partnership holding title to real estate had upon the unconditional and sole ownership of the firm. It was finally held that the title to the real property, which was the subject' of the insurance, was in the partnership firm, and was not affected by the assignment of one of the members. An unsuccessful attempt of an insurance company to forfeit the policy because of this ineffective assignment, which was fully known to the agent, can scarcely be considered an authority for holding that in the case of a deliberate deception practiced by the insured with the connivance of the defendant’s agent the insurer is bound on the theory of waiver. In the Shinner case, there was no deception or fraud attempted to be practiced upon the insurance company. When the agent of the insurance company asked whether there were any claims against the steamboat that was to be insured, a representative of the plaintiff disclaimed any knowledge of claims against the property, but stated that if there were any the defendant’s agent could ascertain them by inquiry of the plaintiff, which the agent voluntarily agreed to do, but failed tó do. Such a case clearly does not bear upon the situation with which we are dealing. Similarly, with the Stewart case, where, the agent took a note for the first premium. Not only was there no question of deception, but the company had accepted the note, as the court found might be inferred from the notice through its local cashier, to the policy-holder, stating when his note “ given in settlement of premium due on the policy ” “ will be due and payable.” It is also contended that if there was no waiver, there was at least an estoppel on the part of thé defendant based upon the receipt of dues by the defendant from the deceased with the knowledge of its agent that the deceased was disqualified from member — 222 — ship. It is, of course, true that the forfeiture could be waived if the defendant had knowledge of the deceased’s ineligibility and of the false representation, but it is equally true that in order to work an estoppel proof of knowledge was essential. The claim is that the knowledge of the agent is to be imputed to the defendant, and that the defendant is to be bound thereby. But this rule has never been applied where the agent and the insured were acting in collusion to deceive the insurer. The estoppel is created for the benefit of innocent persons, not for those guilty of working a fraud upon the insurer. Indeed, it was distinctly held in Levell v. Royal Arcanum, 9 Misc. Rep. 257, that the knowledge of a committee of three members of a subordinate lodge cannot be imputed to and charged upon the grand lodge. That was a case where the committee had been deceived. Certainly, therefore, such knowledge would not be imputed where a councilor of the subordinate lodge, whose knowledge is sought to be imputed to the grand lodge, was an active participant in the fraud. See Hartman v. National Council, 147 Pac. Rep. (Ore.) 031, and Mattson v. Modern Samaritans, 91 Minn. 434. Counsel cites Sargent v. Liverpool & L. & G. Ins. Co., 155 N. Y. 349, in which it was held that a fire insurance company, which has issued a policy providing that the insured shall file proofs of loss within sixty days, and that no officer, agent or other representative of the company shall have the power to waive any condition, except by indorsement on the agreement, may by conduct estop itself from enforcing such provision against one who has acted in reliance upon such conduct.. It is well established that the truth of a warranty.is a condition precedent to the attaching of the risk. In the case at bar, the deceased warranted the truthfulness of his statements. These representations were material to — 223 — the risk, and since they were nntrne the risk never attached. There is a plain distinction between waiving the effect of a false representation, in consequence of which no valid contract was ever made, and waiving a formality in connection with the collection of a loss after the liability has become fixed. The deceased had no right to membership; his certificate was obtained through a fraud to which he was a party with full knowledge;’the plaintiff herself also knew of the deception practiced; the defendant never waived the fraud nor had any knowledge thereof until after the death of the plaintiff’s husband, when it promptly asserted its position and tendered the premiums paid; accordingly, therefore, upon the proof presented there can be no recovery. Judgment reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide the event. Page, J., concurs.