Ex parte Max

By the Court, Wallace, C. J.: It appears by the petition and a transcript of the bill of exceptions filed as part of it, that the petitioner was tried in the County Court of Stanislaus County upon an indictment for the crime of assault with intent to murder one Charles Gilbert, to which indictment the prisoner had pleaded not guilty. The evidence having been concluded, the jury retired under the instructions of the Court to consider of their verdict, and subsequently returned into Court with a verdict as follows: “We, the jury in the case of The People of the State of California v. Joseph Max, find the defendant guilty of an assault to do great bodily injury.” Upon being inquired of, they stated the foregoing was their verdict, and thereupon it was received and was recorded by the Cleric. The bill of exceptions then proceeds as follows: “ The Court then directed the jury to retire in custody of the Sheriff, and amend their verdict to conform to the phraseology of the law. The defendant then excepted to the alteration of the verdict of the jury, the same having been received and recorded by the Clerk. Subsequently the jury returned the following verdict: ‘We, the jury in the above entitled cause, find the defendant guilty of an assault with a deadly weapon upon the person of Charles Gilbert, with an intent to inflict boflily injury, without considerable provocation.’ ” This latter verdict was then received by the Court and was recorded, and thereupon the prisoner was adjudged guilty of a felony, and was accordingly sentenced to imprisonment in the State Prison, where he is ikhv detained in pursuance of the sentence. [581] There is no doubt that the first verdict was one for a misdemeanor merely (People v. Vanara, 6 Cal. 562 ; People v. English, 30 id. 214); and being such, would not warrant a judgment of imprisonment in the State Prison. In those cases, however, the question arose upon direct appeal from the judgment, and was a question considered in error only. The application for the writ of habeas corpus made here proceeds upon the ground that the judgment, under the circumstances appearing, is not merely erroneous, but is void in the absolute sense, and so affords no authority to the Warden of the prison to detain the petitioner. We are of opinion, however, that the position cannot be maintained. The indictment upon which the judgment is founded is sufficient in all respects; the offense of which the petitioner was convicted was one within the scope of the indictment, and the judgment one which the County Court had the authority to render upon the appearance and plea of the petitioner. These conditions constitute jurisdiction; all others involve questions of mere error, and the latter cannot be inquired into upon writ of habeas corpus, but only upon proceedings in error. This obvious distinction between the office of a writ of error or an appeal, on the one hand, and a writ of habeas corpus upon the other, was not presented, but was overlooked in Ex Parte Ah Cha et als., 40 Cal. 426, which was a writ of habeas corpus heard and determined at chambers, and that case must in that respect be overruled. The application for the writ is denied, with leave to the counsel for the petitioner to withdraw the bill of exceptions.