Rosenberg v. Frank

Thornton, J.: Michael Reese died on the 2d of August, 1878, leaving a last will and testament, of which the following is a copy: “ I Michael Reese being of sound mind, and memory, do make, ordain, publish and declare this to be my last will and testament, the whole written wits my own hand. I direct all my just debts to be paid with as little delay as possible. I direct the rest of my property to be converted into cash within five years after my death by my executers hereinafter named, and to be divided as follows, To my sisters Eliese Frank, Henerietta Rosenfeld, Hanna Rosenberg, all of the City Chicago, State of Illonois one hundred thousand dollars each to my sisters Therese Weinman, and Lena Cohn of the same place aforesaid fifty thousand dollars each. To Jakob Rosenberg of the City of Chicago State of Illonois in trust for Hanah Goldsmith Carry Manheimer, and Rosa Fuller one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. To Joseph Frank and H. L. Frank my nephews sixty thousand dollars or thirty thousand to each and I direct that forty thousand dollars owing by them to me be marked paid and cancelled. To my niece Nancy Frank daughter of my sister Eliese Frank twenty-five thousand dollars To H. L. Frank in trust for his sister Mina Friedlander and her children twenty-five thousand dollars. To Regina Goodman of the City of New York widow of H. Goodman deceased ten thousand dollar— To Dr. John N. Eikel in trust for his son Charles Eikel five thousand dollars. To Caroline Greeneberg, wife of Leopold Greeneberg of this city twenty" five hundred dollars. To Leonardt Weglehuer at present in my employment twenty five hundred dollars, To the Pacific Hebrew Orphan Asylum and Home Society twenty thousand dollars, To the Saint Lukes Hospital also of this city ten thousand dollars To the Mount Sinai Hospital of the City of New York twenty'five thousand dollars To the Hebrew Orphan Asylum of the City of New York twenty five thousand dollars. I give and devise to the Corporation known as the Regents of the Hniversity of California Fifty thousand dollars to be by them — 396 — invested in the founding and maintaining a Library to be known and called the Reese Library of the University of California. To Jakob Rosenberg and my dear sister Henerietta Rosenfeld of the City Chicago State of Illonois two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000) in trust to be disbursed by them in such charities as they may think fit. I would recomend to them that a part of the above named amount should be disbursed amongst my first cousins living in Bavaria Germany, and any other country where they may reside provided they are poor and needy, and part of the same should be invested in some charity, regardless of Creed in my birthplace Hainsfurth Kinkdom Bavaria Germany. I schall leave this to their own judgment and discretion to disburse it. Wisching to schow my extreme regard for my Friend Mrs. R C. Johnson, of this city, who positively refuses to be one of my legatees, I leave in trust to her for certain favorite charities for instance A Home, or Asylum for aged people regard-loss of Creed, and the San Francisco Foundling and lying in Hospital, thirty thousand dollars to be disbursed by her for the above named charities I, desire that my Executors hereinafter named schall aid and advise her, and render her all assistance, To the Eureka Benevolent Society of this City twenty thousand dollars To the German Hospital of this city ten thousand dollars, To my Nephews H. L. Frank and Joseph Frank in trust for a Orphan Asylum in Cleveland Ohio and other charities in Chicago which I, omitted. Fifty thousand dollars which they can use and disburse as they may think fit. If there is any surplus after paying my Legacies and Debts the Ballance to be divided pro rato between my sisters Eliese Frank, Henerietta Rosenfeld, Hana Rosenberg and Therese Weineman. Lena Cohn and the children of Mary Fuller deceased namely, Hana Goldsmith Carry Manheimer and Rosa Fuller,—I, appoint as my executors Charles Lux and Joseph Rosenberg of this city and Jakob Rosenberg of the city of Chicago State of Illonois and I, direct that no bonds be required of them or either of them. In witness whereof I, have hereunto set my Hand in the presence of three Witnesses whom I, requested to act as subscribing hereto and in their presence and in the presence of each of them I, have declared this to be my last will and testament — 397 — on this fourteenth day of March in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight. Michael Reese. “ On this fourteenth day of March, A. D. eighteen hundred and seventy-eight we, the undersigned all residing in the city of San Francisco State of California have hereunto set our hands as subscribing witnesses to this the last will and testament of Michael Reese at the request of said Reese in his presence and in the presence of each of us. “William Alvord, “H. M. Newhall, “G. Palache.” On the fifth of September, 1878, this paper was duly admitted to probate as the last will and testament of the decedent Reese, by the Probate Court of the County of San Mateo. The plaintiffs were by the same Court appointed executors of the said will; letters testamentary were issued to them, and they qualified and entered upon the discharge of their duties as such executors. The executors bring this action to obtain a construction of the will. It will be perceived on a perusal of the will, which is autographic, that the testator, after a direction that all his just debts shall be paid with as little delay as possible and that the rest of his property shall be converted into cash by his executors within five years after his death, proceeds to give direction as to the division of the proceeds. The first bequests are as follows: “ To my sisters Eliese Frank, Henerietta Rosenfeld, Hanna Rosenburg, all of the City Chicago State of Illonois one hundred thousand dollars each to my sisters Thorese Weinman and Lena Cohn of same place aforesaid fifty thousand dollars each. To Jakob Rosenberg of the City of Chicago State of Illonois in trust for Hanah Goldsmith, Carry Manheimer, and Rosa Fuller one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.” Several bequests follow, expressed in seventeen different clauses, after which the testator thus disposes of the residuum of his estate: “ If there is any surplus after paying my Legacies and Debts the Ballance to be divided pro rato between — 398 — my sisters Eliese Frank, Henerietta Rosenfeld, Hanna Rosenburg, and Therese Weineman, Lena Cohn and the Children of Mary Fuller deceased namely, Hana Goldsmith, Carry Manheimer and Rosa Fuller.” The construction of the residuary clause just above quoted, is asked in the complaint in this action. It is contended on behalf of Eliese Frank, Henerietta Rosenfeld, and Hannah Rosenberg, who are sisters of the whole blood, that according to the true meaning of this residuary clause, the residuum is to be distributed under it between the several legatees therein named, in the same proportion as the special pecuniary legacies are given to them in the clause of the will first above quoted herein, and that they are each entitled to two elevenths and the others one eleventh each. Therese Weinman and Lena Cohn, who are sisters of the half blood, contend that the residuum is to be divided into six shares, the sisters to take one share each, and the children of Mary Fuller, deceased, one sixth, or one share between them. Hannah Goldsmith, Carrie Manheimer, and Rosa Fuller, who are nieces, children of a sister of the whole blood, urge and claim that the residuary éstate is to be divided equally between the legatees named in the residuary clause, share and share alike. The decision, of the Court below was as follows : “ 1. The said Michael Reese made, published, and declared his last will and testament in manner and form set out in the complaint in this action. The will was an holographic will. A true and photographic copy thereof is hereto annexed, marked Exhibit A,’ and made a part hereof. “ 2. Said last will and testament was duly admitted to probate, and letters testamentary issued to the plaintiffs, as is averred in the complaint. “ 3. That said defendants Eliese Frank, Henrietta Rosenfeld, and Hannah Rosenberg, were sisters of the whole blood of said Michael Reese, deceased. “ 4. That said defendants Therese Wineman and Lena Kohn, were sisters of the half blood of said Michael Reese, deceased, having the same father as said Reese, but not the same mother. “ 5. That the mother of said Therese Wineman and Lena # — 399 — Cohn was second wife of the father of said Reese, and was still living at the time of the decease of said Reese. “ 6. That said Hannah Goldsmith, Carrie Manheimer, and Rosa Fuller were nieces of said Reese, being daughters of his sister of the whole blood, Mary Fuller, who died prior to the death of said Reese, and prior to the making of said will. “ 7. Said Reese was a native of the Kingdom of Bavaria, and came to the United States when about twenty years of age; came to California in 1850, and remained there, with the exception of a few brief visits in the East; died at the age of sixty-four years, and never had been married. “ 8. He was a shrewd man of business, and managed his own affairs himself; his current business during the latter part of his life embraced millions of dollars yearly. He largely borrowed and loaned money; dealt in bonds, stocks, and other securities, and also in real estate, and engaged in other enterprises. Said Reese did not keep his own books of account. " 9. That said Michael Reese was not in the habit of examining legal questions, or reading legal decisions or statutes for himself. And as a conclusion of law, the Court finds that the true construction of said will is, that by the residuary clause thereof, the said residuary legatees take the residue of said estate as follows, that is to say: The said Elise Frank, two elevenths (ft) parts; the said Henrietta Rosenfeld, two elevenths (ft) parts; the said Hannah Rosenberg, two elevenths (ft) parts; the said Therese Wineman, one eleventh (ft) part; the said Lena Kohn, one eleventh (ft) part; the said Hannah Goldsmith, one eleventh (ft) part; the said Carrie Mannheimer, one eleventh (ft) part; and the-said Rosa Rothschild, one eleventh (ft) part of said residue or surplus, and not otherwise.” The decree of the Court was in accordance with the conclusions of law above given. The parties to whose claims the judgment of the Court below was adverse, who are the sisters of the half blood and the nieces, moved for a new trial, which was denied, and the same parties prosecuted an appeal to this Court from the judgment and the order denying their motion for a new trial. During the argument a question was raised as to the jurisdic — 400 — tion of the District Court in this case. A difficulty was suggested hy a member of the Court on the ground that the Probate Court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter of this cause, and that its jurisdiction was exclusive. We have considered this question, and in our opinion, the jurisdiction of the District Court was ample and plenary. The jurisdiction of the District Court was conferred by the amendments of 1862 to the Constitution of 1849. (See § 6 of art. vi.) In this section it is provided that “The District Courts shall have original jurisdiction in all cases in equity.” The jurisdiction could hardly have been conferred in clearer or broader language. The language of the sixth section-of this article, as it was adopted in 1849, was no less broad. This section as amended in 1862, has been construed by this Court, as conferring on the District Courts the same jurisdiction in equity as that administered by the High Courts of Chancery in England. (People v. Davidson, 30 Cal. 379.) In Willis v. Farley, 24 id. 500, it was held that the Constitution (art. iv, § 6) invests the District Court with original jurisdiction in all cases in equity. The Court further said in that case: “Powers which are granted by the Constitution can not be taken away by legislative enactment, and remedies which are secured to the citizen by the organic law can not be destoyed by a department of the Government that exists in subordination to the Constitution.” This was in an action brought against the administrator of deceased mortgagor and his heirs, to foreclose a mortgage. (See also Clarke v. Perry, 5 Cal. 60; Sanford v. Head, id. 298; Deck v. Gerke, 12 id. 436.) In the last cited cause Baldwin, J., in the opinion of the Court, says on this subject: “Apart from the previous decisitins of this Court, it might be questioned whether the Probate Court, under our Constitution, did not possess an exclusive jurisdiction over testamentary and probate matters. (Blanton v. King, 2 How., Miss., 856; Carmichel v. Browder, 3 id. 252; Faroes v. Graves, 4 S. & M. 707.) But this Court has recognized a different rule. In Clarke v. Perry, 5 Cal. 60, it was held: ‘ The Probate Court is a Court of special and limited jurisdiction. Most of its general powers belong peculiarly and originally to the Court of Chancery, which still retains all its jurisdiction. Where, therefore, a bill is filed in — 401 — chancery against an administrator, to compel him to account, by one who has not been an actual party to a proceeding or settlement in the Probate Court, he may totally disregard such proceeding or settlement; and although the settlement in the Probate Court is a final settlement, the complainant, who was no party to it, may treat it as a nullity, and proceed to invoke the equitable powers of the District Court, and compel the administrator to a full account.’ And in Sanford v. Head, id. 298, the same doctrine was reaffirmed in emphatic terms. The ground upon which equity took jurisdiction in England in such cases was, that the Spiritual Courts were not able, from their constitution, to afford adequate and complete relief. (1 Story’s Eq. Jur., § 530 et seq.) Though much of the reason of this rule is removed in most of the States of the Union where Probate Courts exist, yet the power of the Chancery Court to interpose for the settlement of. accounts, and the enforcement of trusts of this sort, is maintained. Under the decisions of this Court, Chancery has assumed jurisdiction over such subjects, and as, probably, rights have vested under their decrees, and the principle asserted is more convenient in practice, we think it is not permissible now to question the jurisdiction.” (Decke v. Gerke, 12 Cal. 436.) The Court in this case sustained a very broad jurisdiction in the District Court. The jurisdiction here invoked was exercised in the case of Payne v. Payne, 18 Cal. 291, in construing the will of Theodore Payne. One of the points determined in that case, was as to whom the estate was devised, which might have been determined by the Probate Court on the distribution of the estate by that tribunal. The Court held that the whole estate was devised to the widow, to the exclusion of the children. There was no doubt expressed or intimated as to the jurisdiction in that case. The power of the Court of Chancery in England over the administration of estates, does not seem to have been thoroughly established until near the,close of the reign of Charles II. (See Story’s Eq. Jur., § 542.) After the statute in England had been enacted, empowering the Spiritual Courts to — 402 — make distribution, it was contended that that Court ought to make distribution, and that the Courts of Chancery no longer had jurisdiction. In answer to this contention, the Lord Chancellor King said in 1682, the “Spiritual Court had but a lame jurisdiction, and there being no negative words in the Act of Parliament, he thought a bill for distribution very ■ proper in this Court”—referring to the Court of Chancery in which he presided. (Story’s Eq., §§ 542, 543; Gould v. Hayes, 19 Ala. 449. See further, Story’s Eq., § 1065.) The jurisdiction of the Probate Courts is not defined in the Constitution. In the eighth section of article vi, Constitution of 1849, it is provided that “ the County Judges shall also hold in their several counties Probate Courts, and perform such duties as Probate Judges as may be prescribed by law.” In the seventh section of the same article it is provided: “In the City and County of San Francisco, the Legislature may separate the office of Probate Judge from that of County Judge, and may provide for the election of a Probate Judge, who shall hold his office for the term of four years.” It seems from the above that the Legislature may make the jurisdiction of the Probate Judge or Court what it pleases, within the limits of that jurisdiction, which is understood as usually pertaining to Probate Courts. But the position that it can, under this power, take away from the District Courts any of the equity jurisdiction conferred on them by the Constitution, is manifestly untenable. (See Willis v. Farley, 24 Cal. 499, above cited; also Gould v. Hayes, 19 Ala. 450.) Nor could this be done if the full probate jurisdiction was conferred on the County or Probate Courts by the Constitution. This very point was so held in Courtwright v. The Bear R. and A. W. & M. Co., 30 Cal. 573, in relation to the jurisdiction to abate nuisances under the constitutional amendments of 1862. This Constitution gave jurisdiction to the County Courts in plain terms “to abate a nuisance.” (See § 8, art. vi.) An action was brought in the District Court to abate a nuisance, and it was sustained as an equity case under the grant of equity jurisdiction. The question is fully discussed in the opinion of the Court by Rhodes, J., to which there was no dissent, Sanderson, J., expressing no opinion. This ruling was subsequently approved in Yolo County v. — 403 — City of Sacramento, 36 Cal. 195. (See also Caulfield v. Stevens, 28 Cal. 118; Stoppelkamp v. Mangeot, 42 id. 325.) As was said by Bronson, J., in Delafield v. State of Illinois, 2 Hill, 164: “ There is nothing in the nature of jurisdiction, as applied to Courts which renders it exclusive. It is not like a grant of property, which can not have several owners at the same time. It is a matter of common experience that two or more Courts may have concurrent powers over the same parties and the same subject-matter. Jurisdiction is not a right or a privilege belonging to the Judge, but an authority or power to do justice in a given case, when it is brought before him. There is, I think, no instance in the whole history of the law where the mere grant of jurisdiction to a particular Court, without any words of exclusion, has been held to oust any other Court of the powers which it before possessed. Creating a new forum with concurrent jurisdiction may have the effect of withdrawing from the Courts which before existed, a portion of the causes which would otherwise have been brought before them; but it can not affect the power of the old courts to administer justice when it is demanded at their hands.” „ For the reasons above given we are of opinion that the District Court has jurisdiction of this cause. But it is said that the Probate Court first acquired jurisdiction, and therefore must be allowed to exercise it to the exclusion of the District Court. We do not think that this rule can be properly applied here. The will, so far as we are informed by the transcript, had only been admitted to probate in the Probate Court. The matter of distribution was not before it. The proceeding in that Court had not pro-' gressed to that point. Moreover, the Probate Court held its jurisdiction subject to the exercise of this jurisdiction by the District Court. The paper was not the operative will of the testator until probate had been had. It can not be offered in evidence to show title until it has been proved. (Castro v. Richardson, 18 Cal. 478.) Of the probate the jurisdiction, of the Probate Court is exclusive. (San Francisco v. Lawton, id. 470.) Until that was done the District Court could not exercise the jurisdiction invoked in this case. To hold that the Probate Court had first acquired jurisdiction to the exclu — 404 — sion of any other Court by the will having been admitted to probate in it, would be to oust the jurisdiction.of the District Court entirely. The Probate Court taking jurisdiction under these circumstances, it holds it subject to the jurisdiction of the District ■ Court, and must be bound by the decree of the District Court. We are of opinion that this jurisdiction in the District Court is a beneficial one, and can be usefully employed in expediting the settlement of estates. To return to the main question: Certain rules are prescribed by the Civil Code for the interpretation of wills. Those rules seem to be in accord with the rules heretofore laid down by Courts for such interpretation, and which have been for a long period of time acted on. (See Broom’s Legal Maxims, on maxim “Benignœ faciendœ,” p. 534, et seq.) These rules are as follows: 1. “A will is to be construed according to the intention of the testator. Where his intention can not have effect to its full extent, it must have effect as far as possible.” (Civ. Code, § 1317.) 2. “ In case of uncertainty arising upon the face of the will, as to the application of any of its provisions, the testator’s intention is to be ascertained from the words of the will, taking into view the circumstances under which it was made, exclusive of his oral declarations.” (Civ. Code, § 1318.) 3. “ The words of a will are to be taken in their ordinary and grammatical sense, unless a clear intention to use them in another sense can be collected, and that other can be ascertained.” (Civ. Code, § 1324.) 4. “ The words of a will are to receive an interpretation which will give to every expression some effect, rather than one which will render any of the expressions inoperative.” (Civ. Code, § 1325.) 5. “All the parts of a will are to be construed in relation to each other, and so as, if possible, to form one consistent whole; but where several parts are absolutely irreconcilable, the latter must, prevail.” (Civ. Code, § 1321.) The particular question presented here is, what effect is to be given to the words “pro rato,” in the residuary clause? To what do they refer? That these words were intended to — 405 — be “pro rata” there can be no doubt. What, then, is their meaning, and to what do they refer? This expression is of very common use. So frequent is and has been its employment in daily intercourse among all classes of men, that it may almost be said to have become part of our vernacular. From it, a verb, “pro-rate” has been derived and become a part of the common English tongue, with all the characteristics of such a part of speech. (See Webster, word prorate.) This verb is found used in the appropriate moods and tenses, with participles, and is thus defined: “ To divide or distribute proportionately; to assess pro rata.” These words pro rata have a defined and well-understood meaning. They are defined as follows by the two most famous lexicographers of our time. Webster defines them as follows: Latin, pro rata (sc. parte), according to a certain part; in proportion.” Worcester thus defines them: “(L. according to the rate) (com.) in proportion.” The word “ rata” is the participle of the Latin word reor. Its principal parts are thus given in Ainsworth’s “ English-Latin Dictionary:” “Reor, reri, ratus”—meaning, according to the same authority—To suppose, judge, deem, or think; to imagine.” This expression is of frequent use in statutes, in the opinions of learned judges, and by text-writers on various titles of the law. A long list of references will be found in the brief filed in this case by one of the counsel for respondents. (See brief of S. M. Wilson, Esq., 19, 20, etc.) We will content ourselves with citing- some of them. In statutes, §§ 5091, 5102 of the Revised Statutes of the United States; 5 U. S. Stats, at Large, § 5, 444; § 10, 447; 10 id. 304; 14 id. § 27, 529; Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1645,1648; Insolvency Act of 1880, § 31; Cowdery’s Insolvency Law, 45. In opinions. (See Adams v. Haskell, 6 Cal. 116; Adams v. Hackett, 7 id. 187; Adams v. Woods, 8 id. 155; S. C., id. 311; Naglee v. Minturn, id. 540, 541, 543, 544; Kehr v. Smith, 20 Wall. 31; Pollard v. Bailly, 20 id. 527; Caze v. Baltimore Ins. Co., 7 Cranch, 362; U. S. v. Kansas P. R. R. Co., 99 U. S. 458; Myrick v. Thompson, id. 291; In re London I. N. Co., 5 Law Rep. Eq. Cas. 526, 527; Goodman v. Pocock, 15 Q. B. — 406 — 576, 581; Vhirboom v. Chapman, 13 Mee & W. 248; Manice v. Manice, 1 Lans. 352, 353.) By authors of books on the law—“pro rata itineris,” see 3 Kent’s Com. 229 et seq.; Abbott on Shipping, 525, 547; as to pro rata contribution by property saved on a general average, see Abbott on Shipping, 502 et seq. Where a voyage is not completed, and the goods are, with the consent of the owner, returned to him, the carrier being willing to complete the voyage, a payment of freight is allowed in proportion to that part of the voyage accomplished, and the freight so allowed is usually styled freight “pro rata itineris.” As the entire freight for the entire voyage, .so the partial freight for the partial voyage is allowed. It is needless to multiply citations or illustrations further on this point. It is well understood by persons of ordinary intelligence to denote a disposition of a fund or sum indicated in proportion to some rate or standard, fixed in the mind of the person speaking or writing, manifested by the words spoken or written, according to which rate or standard the allowance is to be made or calculated. The fund of which distribution is thus to be made must be indicated by the words spoken or written by the speaker or writer. Now are any fund and rate or standard indicated by the writing which we are called on to interpret ? In relation to the fund, there can not certainly be any difficulty, It is the residuum of the estate after the payment of the debts ánd the legacies specifically defined in the will. Is there any rate or standard manifested by the words used in the will. As has been pointed out, the testator, after directing the payment of his debts as soon as possible, orders that the rest of his property shall be converted into cash within five years after his death by his executors, and the fund so created to be divided as follows: “ To my sisters Eliese Frank, Henerietta Rosenfeld, Hanna Rosenberg * * * one hundred thousand dollars each to my sisters Therese Weinman and Lena Cohn * * * fifty thousand dollars, each. To Jakob Rosenberg * * * in trust for Hannah Goldsmith, Carry Manheimer, and Rosa Fuller one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.” He then proceeds to make bequests to several persons and — 407 — corporations, embraced in seventeen different clauses, which intervene the clauses containing the bequests above quoted, and then disposes of the residuary estate in words which have been quoted above. How the same persons are referred to as beneficiaries in the last clause just above referred to and quoted as in the first quoted clause. The reference in both clauses to the same persons shows that the dispositions of the first clause were in the mind of the testator when he wrote the last clause. The mode of distribution between those persons was then to be manifested—and he provides for a pro rata distribution among them. But according to what rule is this pro rata distribution to be made ? This is to be provided for, and the testator adopts as the rule denoting the proportion in which this distribution is to be, the sums mentioned in the first clause. In effect, he provides in this last clause, that the residue shall be divided among them in the same proportion which the sums mentioned in the first clause indicate. The reference to the first clause by the last is plainly manifest from his mentioning the same persons in both as beneficiaries. ■ The pro rata distribution is to be in accordance with some rate previously indicated. The sums mentioned in the first clause of themselves furnish a rate or proportion, and it becomes unnecessary to indicate any other. To indicate any other in accordance with his wish, would have merely led to a repetition of what had been manifested by the expressions of the first and leading clause of the paper he was drawing. It is scarcely to be supposed that the ratio or proportion of distribution would be indicated in the clause in which it is mentioned. This is not usually the mode in which a division pro rata is directed. In the instances referred to above, whether in statutes, judicial opinions, or in the texts of law-writers, the pro rata distribution is spoken of in relation to something outside of the clause ordering or referring to such distribution, and not in the clause itself. The same is true of the ratio or proportion of distribution. It is contended on behalf of Therese Weinman and Lena Cohn that the ratio or proportion of distribution referred to by the word pro rata is one according to which the residuary — 408 — estate is to Tbe divided into six parts, so that each of the sisters is to recover one sixth of the residuum, leaving the remaining sixth to his nieces Hana Goldsmith, Carry Manheimer, and Rosa Fuller. It is urged that the words pro rata mean a proportion, fixed rata—established according to a rule—and that that rule is fixed by the Statute of Distributions; that this rule would fix the proportion according to which a division should be made, and thus the distribution or division would be per stirpes according to the statute, into six parts, each of which would be a sister’s share. This would lead to the division just above stated, according to which each of the sisters would get a sixth, and the nieces the remaining sixth, or one eighteenth each. We see no grounds whatever for such a construction of the words of the residuary clause. It seems to us conjectural, fanciful, and untenable. There is nothing in the will suggestive of such a view; on the contrary, the contents of the will indicate something entirely different. There is nothing in it which affords any ground to conjecture that the testator, intended to adopt the Statute of Distributions as a rule of distribution of the residuum or any other portion of his estate. The language of the will supports the inference that he intended to steer clear of any such mode of distribution. The contention put forth on the part of the nieces (Hana Goldsmith, Carry Manheimer, and Rosa Fuller, the last now Rosa Rothschild, having since the execution of the will married a gentleman of that name), is that pro rata, though it means “proportionally,” “according to a proportion,” and is not a synonym for equally, yet a pro rata division constantly results in an equal division, and that since a pro rata division so results, therefore the division to be made of the residuary estate in this case must be into eight equal parts or shares, of which each of the persons named in the residuary clause is to have one part or share. This, as we understand it, is the contention of the learned counsel for the nieces. But he admits “ it may be equal or unequal, according to the standard fixing the proportion of the division.” If it be admitted that the standard fixing the proportion of the division is the number — 409 — (eight) of persons mentioned in the residuary clause, then the conclusion contended for follows. We see no reason to conclude that a division into eight shares was intended. There is nothing in the expressions of the paper to be construed which indicates such an intention. If this had been the intention of the testator, or if his intention had been such as contended for by the half-sisters, Therese Weinman and Lena Cohn, it could have been readily expressed. It could have been easily indicated by stating that the eight persons should receive the residuum equally to be divided between them. Such a mode of diposing of property, to be equally divided, is so common that it can not be supposed that it would not have occurred to the testator, and been adopted by him, if such had been his wish. There is nothing to show that the testator did not understand the meaning of the expression pro rata and all other expressions used in his will, nor would we be authorized in coming to any such conclusion. On the contrary, the clearness with which the will is drawn, and the uncontradicted evidence embodied in the transcript, authorize the conclusion that he was a man of strong, clear mind, and that he knew how to use language to express his thoughts. Edward J. Pringle, an able and learned member of the bar of the city of San Francisco, states in his testimony that he knew Mr. Reese for about twenty-five years, and during a considerable portion of that time had a good deal to do with Mr. Reese in his law business; that “ he was a remarkably shrewd man of business“he was a man of remarkable ability—one of the ablest men I have ever met by way of natural talent—a man of large memory.” The same witness further states: “ He was a man exact to know his bargain and the terms of his bargain. He was a man of great details in his bargains and contracts. He made his bargains with great care—in buying and selling.” Mr. Pringle had abundant opportunities of ascertaining what he testified about, and was a competent judge as to the testator’s mental endowments. Another witness, Joseph Rosenberg, who had opportunities of knowing the testator well and of an extended acquaintance with his business habits and qualifications, as he was in the management of much of Reese’s business from 1872 to — 410 — Ms death in 1878, and mtimately associated with him, said: “ I could not approximate the amount of his annual business. It ran into 'millions.” “ He bought and owned a great deal of real estate, and purchased bonds, warrants, and stocks.” “ He always took a great pride m attending to money matters, and was very methodical in the mode of conducting and managing his business. He had a great deal of system and good judgment, and I think in the whole seven years he hardly made a loss.” “ He was a man in the habit of reading a great deal; subscribed for German periodicals, and read and quoted Shakespeare a great deal, and a great many other books and German periodicals, and read the daily papers.” Such testimony establishes the clear intellect' and sound judgment of the author of the will in question; and shows a capacity displayed in the will to express his ideas with force and clearness. Though much of the orthography is incorrect, it is clear and perspicuous, and its meamng can be understood. It is of frequent occurrence that men of clear and vigorous minds and who think, speak, and write clearly, spell badly. History affords many instances of it. Carlyle says that Marshal Saxe was the worst speller that ever lived. The great Duke of Marlborough, who was not only distinguished as á successful warrior, but also as an able statesman among able statesmen, had the same failing, and if we may credit Madame de Remusat, Napoleon was remarkably deficient in writing and speaking the French language, which may be said to have been his native tongue. The phonetic style of writing does not necessarily detract from the clearness of a composition. In relation to this will one of the learned counsel (H. S. Monroe, Esq., of the Chicago Bar), who argued the cause before the Court, stated that he saw no want of clearness in any part of the will, except in the clause in regard to the residuary estate. This can rarely be said of a paper disposing of so large an estate, containing so many provisions. It is evident, from the testimony above referred to, that the testator, whose early education was limited, endeavored, by reading, to repair the deficiency consequent upon it. His early instruction was supplemented by efforts through his life to educate and improve his mental powers and enlarge — 411 — his attainments; and they were further improved and enlarged by intercourse and contact with men of vigorous minds—a means of education often far superior to that of mere scholastic training. On the argument, and in the briefs filed, numerous cases were referred to and commented on. An examination of them has convinced us that they offer no obstruction to the conclusion here reached. -The case before us is one of interpreting the meaning of a written document, and decided cases afford but little aid in arriving at a correct interpretation. We hazard nothing in saying that this is in accordance with the universal experience of gentlemen learned in the law, who have been frequently called on to employ their faculties in the solution of such questions. The good sense of what was said by Washington, J., in 1803, in Lambert’s Lessee v. Paine, 3 Cranch, 131, will be generally acknowledged: “Except for the establishment of general principles, very little aid can be procured from adjudged cases in the construction of wills. It seldom happens that two cases can be found precisely alike.” (See Redfield on Wills, 423; Cook v. Weaver, 12 Ga. 47; 4 Kent’s Comm. 534.) The contentions of the counsel for appellants are based on the proposition that the residuary clause of the will does not refer to the antecedent clause in the beginning of the will, and therefore the residuary clause must he construed as entirely separated from such antecedent clause. As has been said above, such a view is not maintainable. The reference to the antecedent clause is, in our judgment, clear and manifest. The conclusion here reached is in accordance with natural affections. The full sisters get a larger share than the half sisters, and the half sisters are placed on an equality with the children of a full sister. Admitting that our statute makes no difference between sisters of the whole and the half blood in the distribution of the estates of intestates, still this matter of natural affection can not be regulated by law. It follows other laws existing in the nature of man. Generally we should expect to find a stronger attachment to the sisters of the whole than to those of the half blood. — 412 — Our conclusion is that the Court below committed no error in its rulings and the judgment and order denying a new trial are affirmed. Morrison, C. J., and Sharpstein, J., concurred.