Shanklin v. McNamara

Thornton, J. Ejectment. Judgment for plaintiff. Motion for a new trial by defendants denied, and appeal from the judgment, and the order denying the motion. The plaintiff claims title to the land in controversy under a patent of the United States issued to Willard Hodges, dated December 15, 1882, which was put in evidence, as was also a conveyance of the tract by Hodges to the plaintiff. The claim of Hodges is under the seventh section of the act of Congress of July 23, 1866, entitled “An act to quiet land titles in California.” (14 Stats, at Large, 220.) This section provides that when — 374 — persons in good faith, and for a valuable consideration, have purchased land of Mexican grantees or assignees, which grants have subsequently been rejected, or when the lands so purchased have been excluded from the final survey of any Mexican grant, and have used, improved, and continued in the actual possession of the same according to the lines of their original purchase, and when no valid adverse right or title (except of the United States) exists, such purchasers may purchase the same, after having such lands surveyed under existing laws, at the minimum price established by law, upon first making proof of the facts as required herein, under regulations to be prescribed by the commissioner of the general land-office. Hodges and Upham made proof before the proper land-office of their right? to purchase the land in suit under the section of the act of 1866 above referred to, bringing themselves within its provisions, and were allowed to purchase, and did purchase and procure, on this proof and purchase, the patent of the United States above mentioned, under which the plaintiff asserts title. This patent establishes- prima facie the right of the plaintiff to recover, and must he regarded as conclusive 'against the defendants, unless the hitter can attack it, and successfully impeach its sufficiency to vest title in those claiming under it. Defendants claim that the rights possessed by them entitle them to attack the patent. They say that, as a matter of fact, the land sued for was on the twenty-eighth day of September, 1850, swamp and overflowed land, and by virtue of the act of Congress of that date, entitled “An act to enable the state of Arkansas and other states to reclaim the swamp-lands within their limits,the title to this tract passed from the United States to the state of California, and that it was out of the power of Congress, or of the United States government, in any way or mode, to divest this title so passed to the state by the act of 1850. — 375 — It must be regarded as settled beyond controversy that the first section of the swamp-laud act (act of September 28, 1850) is a grant in prassenti to each state of the swamp and overflowed lands within its limits. The supreme court of the United States, speaking through Justice Field, have said of this act, in Wright v. Roseberry, 121 U. S. 486: “The words of the first section of the act "shall be and are hereby granted’ import an immediate transfer of interest, not a promise of transfer in the future.” This construction of the act has been sustained in several cases. (See Tubbs v. Wilhoit, 73 Cal. 63, and cases there cited, and cases cited in Wright v. Roseberry, 121 U. S. 486.) The contention of the defendants is, that they can impeach the patent of plaintiff by showing that the land in suit was on the day of the passage of the swamp-land act of 1850 in fact swamp and overflowed lands. To tins contention plaintiff replies that defendants are estopped from making such proof by an authoritative decision of a competent tribunal to the contrary binding on both plaintiff and defendants. When the defendants offered to defeat the effect of the patent to prove that the land was swamp and overflowed on the twenty-eighth day of September, 1850, the plaintiff met it with proof of what he claimed to he an authoritative decision and adjudication to the contrary, as above stated, and with the objection that by reason of such decision such evidence was incompetent and improper. The material facts pertaining to this adjudication are? as follows: In 1871 a contest arose and was carried on in the United States land-office in Marysville, in the contested case of Willard Hodges and George B. Upham in regard to tract No. 12, township 12 north, range 3 east, to which John McNamara (one of the defendants in this case) and the state of California were parties. — 376 — Tract 12 includes the land in suit in this case. Hodges and Upham claimed the whole of this tract 12. This contest involved the right to a portion of this tract 12 as between Hodges and Upham and John McNamara, and to a portion of the same tract as between Hodges and Upham and the state of California. There were other parties to the contest, but as their claims are not in any way involved in this action, they need not be further referred to. Citations were issued and served on all the parties. McNamara appeared by counsel and with his witnesses. The state of California did not appear, nor did any one appear for it. The register and receiver awarded the land in contest (in suit here) between the claimants Hodges and Upham and the state of California to the former. To John McNamara a portion of tract 12 wras awarded as against Hodges and Upham. This last-named portion awarded to McNamara is not included in the land sued for in this action. This decision, as between Hodges and Upham and the state of California, does not seem to have been carried by appeal to the commissioner of the general land-office nt Washington. The decision, of the register and receiver remains unchallenged by the state of California, or any one claiming under her. In a contest with another claimant as to lots 22 and 2 (involved herein), these lots were on appeal awarded by the Secretary of the Interior to Hodges and Upham. In awarding the lands in suit here to Hodges and Up-ham, the register and receiver held that their right to purchase the lands was superior to that of the state. As the ruling was not appealed from, it would usually be regarded as concluding the state, and estopping her from any claim to the land in controversy. But did the register and receiver hold that the land ■was not swamp and overflowed? On this point they say, in their opinion: “Contestant, state of California, does not appear to contest the claim — 377 — of Hodges and Upham, and no direct testimony was called out as to the alleged swamp and overflowed character of the land in dispute between these parties. The evidence, however, shows that all of said tract No. 12 has for many years been used for ordinary purposes of agriculture, in growing grain and grass for hay and pasturage. And the fact of its adaptability for the cultivation of these staple agricultural products would seem to determine the question as to the character of the laud as against the state. At any rate, these circumstances, coupled with the fact that prior to the act of July 23, 18G6, and to the state’s disposal of the land to purchasers in good faith, the claimants became purchasers in good faith of the grant title to the same, should, in our judgment, conclude the state in the premises.” It is undoubtedly held, in the opinion of the register and receiver, that Hodges and Upham were entitled to the land involved in the contest with the state, under the seventh section of the act of July 23, 1866. As far as regards the land in suit, the decision is binding on the state in so far as the register and receiver have decided on the .right of Hodges and Upham (see Hosmer v. Wallace, 97 U. S. 580), and also binding, m our judgment, on defendants, the McNamaras. In these contests before the officers of the land department as to the right to enter land, the parties to whom it could be awarded on the contest are the proper and necessary parties. In the contest we are considering between Hodges and Upham and the state of California, land could be awarded only to one of these parties. It would not and could not be awarded to a grantee of the state, as in this case to NcNamara. The United States authorities in such contests only notice the rights of parties who have a right under the laws of the United States to enter and purchase the land. Any person claiming under the state must prosecute or defend his rights under the state as a party to the contest. Me — 378 — Ñamara, claiming under the state in this case, must have defended his right under the state as a claimant, and it was incumbent on him to do so. Therefore it follows that 'whatever was binding on the state bound McNamara. If, as the result of the contest between Willard Hodges and the state, it had been adjudged that the land was not swamp and overflowed, that would have bound the state, within the rule laid down in Johnson v. Towsley, 13 Wall. 72, approved and followed in Hosmer v. Wallace, 47 Cal. 471. (See also Samson v. Smiley, 13 Wall. 91; Warren v. Van Brunt, 19 Wall. 653; Shepley v. Cowan, 91 U. S. 330; Moore v. Robbins, 96 U. S. 530; Hosmer v. Wallace, 97 U. S. 580; Marquez v. Frisbie, 101 U. S. 473.) The determination of the facts jn the same contest adjudging the right of Hodges and Upham as against the state to enter and purchase the land in suit is for the same reason binding on McNamara. The estoppel as to the state exists only as to the determination by the officers of matters of fact. Their determination, if free from fraud, and not the result of a fraudulent imposition upon them, is final and conclusive. It is still conclusive, though they may err in judgment as to the weight of testimony, or may decide directly against the evidence, subject to the limitation as to fraud and fraudulent imposition above stated. It may be remarked that this matter of fraud, or fraudulent imposition, could not be set up in an action at law, as this is. The patent on these grounds must be assailed by a proceeding in equity. Such is the law on this subject. (See Johnson v. Towsley, 13 Wall. 72, and Moore v. Robbins, 96 U. S. 530.) But if the officers of the land department award land to one person which has been granted to another, the courts of law can furnish a remedy. It is not within the power or jurisdiction of the land department to award that to one person which by an act of Congress has been granted to another. The land department cannot — 379 — grant land. It is incumbent on the land department, in executing the laws "of Congress in relation to the public lands, to award to a party claiming to enter and purchase land such right as the laws of the United States have invested him with in regard to the land he claims; but if the laws have invested another with title by grant to the land to another . the decision of the land department awarding it to another is a nullity. No title passes by such decision, though the officers of the land department have decided that he is entitled to it. To decide otherwise would be to hold that the land department can grant land contrary to an act of Congress. It is argued here on behalf of appellants that the officers of the land department have not decided as a matter of fact that the land in controversy was not swamp and overflowed. It seems to us that this contention, on a fair consideration and interpretation of the .opinion of the register and receiver, is sound and maintainable, and that the decision of the register and receiver awards the land to Hodges and Upliam on their claim preferred under the seventh section of the act of July 23, 1866, and regardless of the fact whether the land in contest before them was swamp and overflowed or not. The language of their opinion on the point whether the land is swamp and overflowed or not is indefinite and ambiguous, and such that it cannot be said of it that it determines that the land is not swamp and overflowed. The opinion refers to the évidence, and says of it: “That it would seem to determine the question as to the character of the land as against the state.” It does not say (as will be observed on a perusal of it) that the evidence shows the land to be dry land, and not swamp and overflowed, but that it would seem to do so. The opinion, in the next sentence, proceeds:. “At any rate, these circumstances, coupled with the fact that prior to the act of July 23, 1866, and to the state’s disposal of the land in good — 380 — faith,” etc., proceeding then to award the land to Hodges and Up ham upon this claim'under the seventh section of the act of Congress just referred to. The judgment of the register and receiver is too indefinite in its terms to be regarded as a decision that the land here ivas not swamp and overflowed. Under these circumstances it is argued that the defendants have a right to show that the land is swamp and overflowed; that, as such, it vested in the state by the act of the 28th of September, 1850, known as the swamp-land act, and that having so vested, it could not be divested, and the title conferred on another, by the subsequent act of July 23, 1866. Did the swamp-land act of 1850 grant the swamp and overflowed lands within the exterior bounds of a grant, which' were excluded on the final survey, to the state of California? This is a question of interpretation of the provisions of the act of 1850, considered in the light of and influenced by the nature of the grants made by the Mexican authorities in California. Was it the intention of the law-makers to grant to the state lands of the nature aud chara'eter above mentioned? The question is one relating to the intent of the law-making power. We are of opinion that there was no such intent to grant by the act referred to. The reasons for this opinion wre will proceed to give. It is the settled law of this state that the grantee of a Mexican grant is entitled to the possession of all the land within the exterior limits of the tract designated in the map or diseño (which generally attended the application for a grant), though the quantity intended to be allotted to him on the final survey is a much less quantity than that designated in the map or diseño, and this right continues until the final survey has been made and approved, and perhaps until the patent is issued; or to express the rule more briefly, where the grant is of a smaller quantity (say three leagues) within — 381 — a larger area (say of ten leagues), from which the three leagues are to be taken, that the grantee is entitled to the possession of the whole until the quantity (three leagues) to be allotted to him is set off by the final survey, and that he (the grantee) is entitled to recover possession of the whole ten leagues by action appropriate to that end, until the specific quantity granted him is set off. The above is the rule declared in Ferris v. Coover, 10 Cal. 621, followed in numerous cases to the same effect. (Cornwall v. Culver, 16 Cal. 429; Riley v. Heisch, 18 Cal. 198; Mahoney v. Van Winkle, 21 Cal. 552.) The same rule has been approved and declared to be the law by the supreme court of the United States in Van Reynegan v. Bolton, 95 U. S. 35, 36.) We insert here that portion of the opinion (by Field, J.) which relates to this point as a clear exposition of the rule and the reasons on which it rests: “In the case at bar the surveyor-general for California disregarded the boundaries established upon the juridical possession delivered to the grantee. He proceeded upon the conclusion that the confirmees were restricted by the decree to one square league, to be measured out of the tract within those boundaries, which exceeded that amount by about fifteen hundred acres. Whether the terms of the decree justified his conclusion is a question upon which it is unnecessary for us to express an opinion. That is a question which must, in the first instance, be determined by the land department in carrying the decree into execution by a survey and patent. It is sufficient for the present case that the survey made was contested by the confirmees, and the contest was undetermined when this action was tried. Until finally proved, the survey could not impair their right to the possession of the entire tract as delivered by the former government to the grantee under whom they claim. Until then, it was inoperative for any purpose. Even if the limitation to one square league — 382 — should ultimately be held correct, that square league might be located in a different-portion of the tract by direction of the land department, to which the supervision and correction of surveys of private land claims are intrusted. The confirmees could not measure off the quantity for themselves, and thus legally segregate it from the balance of the tract. The right to make the segregation rested exclusively with the government, and could only be exercised by its officers. Until they acted and effected the segregation, the confirmees were interested in preserving the entire tract from waste and injury, and in improving it; for until then they could not know what part might be assigned to them. Until then, no third person could interfere with their right to the possession of the whole. No third person could be permitted to determine, in advance of such segregation, that any particular locality would fall within the surplus, and thereby justify his intrusion upon it and its detention from them. If'one person could in this way appropriate a particular parcel to himself, all persons could do so; and thus the confirmees would soon be stripped of the land which was intended by the government as a donation to its grantee, whose interests they have acquired, f. r the benefit of parties who were never in its contemplation. If the law were otherwise than as stated, the confirmees would find their possessions limited, first in one direction, and then in another, each intruder asserting that the parcel occupied by him fell within the surplus, until in the end they would be excluded from the entire tract.” This right of possession is property, and full protection of it was guaranteed to the Mexican grantee by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, and by the constitution and laws of the United States. (Ferris v. Coover, 10 Cal. 620, 621.) That the tract of land involved in this case was within the limits of the grant to Sutter wTas conclusively — 383 — determined against defendants in the proceeding in the land-office, considered in a former part of this opinion, where the land in suit was awarded to Hodges and Up-ham under the seventh section of the act of Congress of July 23, 1866. When the swamp-land act of the 28th of September, 1850, was passed, Sutter had a right to possession of the land sued for, and it is not to be supposed that the Congress of the United States would grant land to one when another person had to it a right of possession for an indefinite period, guaranteed to him by its laws at the time the grant is said to have been made. It cannot be presumed that Congress would have granted directly and unconditionally to a person a tract of land of which the United States did not have the absolute and uncontrolled title, so that its grantee might at once take possession. It could not be predicated of such a grant as the swamp-land act that Congress intended to grant land to the state when at the time of the grant Sutler had title to possession of the land, and might become invested with the full, legal title. He would have been so invested if, on the final survey of his grant, the land in suit had been included in such final survey. The principle here invoked and relied on was adopted by the United States supreme court in Leavenworth etc. R. R. Co. v. United States, 92 U. S. 733, where it was held that a grant of land to the state of Kansas to aid in the construction of a railroad embraced only the land whereto the complete title was in the United States at the date of the act, and was applicable only to public lands owned absolutely by the United States. This was held in regard to a grant of land to the state of Kansas, where, at the time the grant was made, the land in question was included in a reservation made to the Osage tribe of Indians. We think the rule of construction laid down in the cose just cited shows that it was not the intention of Congress to grant to the state of California by the act of — 384 — September 28, 1850, lands the right to the possession of which was then vested in a Mexican grantee, and guaranteed to him by a treaty as well as by the constitution and laws of the United States. We see nothing in Newhall v. Sanger, 92 U. S. 761, or United States v. McLaughlin, 127 U. S. 452-457, in conflict with anything ruled herein. We cannot see that these cases have any direct application to the case under consideration. From tiie foregoing it follows that the judgment and order are without error, and must be affirmed. There is some very significant evidence in the record in relation to the land in suit, upon which we will make some observations in its relation to the legislation of Congress in regard to swamp and overflowed lands. The fourth section of the act of July 23, 1866, is in these words:—■ “ Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, that in all cases where township surveys have been or shall hereafter be made under the authority of the United States, and the plats thereof approved, it shall be the duty of the commissioner of the general land-office to certify over to the state of California as swamp and overflowed all the lands represented as such, upon such approved plats, within one year from the passage of this act, or within one year from the return and approval of such township plats. The commissioner shall direct the United States surveyor-general for the state of California to examine the segregation maps and surveys of the swamp and overflowed lands made by said state; and where he shall find them to conform to the system of surveys adopted by the United States, he shall construct and approve township plats accordingly, and forward to the general laud-office for approval; provided, that in segregating large bodies of land notoriously and obviously swamp and overflowed it shall not be necessary to subdivide the same, but to run the exterior lines of — 385 — such body of land. In case such state surveys are found not to be in accordance with the system of United States surveys, and in such townships as no survey has been made by the United States, the commissioner shall direct the surveyor-general to make segregation surveys, upon application to said surveyor-general by the governor of said state, within one year of such application, of all the swamp and overflowed land in such townships, and to report the same to the general land-office, representing and describing what land was swamp and overflowed under the grant, according to the best evidence he can obtain. If the authorities of said state shall claim as swamp and overflowed any land not represented as such upon the map or in the returns of the surveyors, the character of such land at the date of the grant, September 28, 1850, and the right to the same, shall be determined by testimony, to be taken before the surveyor-general, who shall decide the same, subject to the approval of the commissioner of the general land-office.” The record shows that the plaintiff offered in evidence the approved official township plat of township 13 north, range 3 east, Mount Diablo meridian, filed in the United States land-office at Marysville, in this state, on August 2, 1869, and also the approved diagram of amendments to said plat from the office of the surveyor-general of the United States for the state of California, dated the 6th of September, 1869, filed in the United States land-office above mentioned, of the land district in which the land in controversy is situated, on September 9,1869, showing the public lands and claims with specific boundaries within the rejected limits of the New Helvetia rancho. The above plat and diagram include the land involved herein, which is designated thereon as lands claimed by purchasers of Mexican grantees, or their assignees, and which have been excluded from the final survey of the Sutter grant. — 386 — It will be observed that the land involved in this suit was not represented on the approved plat, or the approved diagram of amendments to it, as swamp and overflowed, and it therefore did not become the duty of the commissioner of-the general land-office, under the fourth section of the act of 1866, above quoted, to certify such land over to the state. Nor does it appear in the record that any township plat has been constructed which represents such land to be swamp and overflowed. Under the provisions of the fourth section it will be seen that the governor of the state was vested with authority to have the swamp and overflowed lands segregated by survey on application to the surveyor-general, and it was further provided, in the same section, that if the authorities of the state shall claim as swamp and overflowed any land not represented as such upon the map, or in the returns of the surveyors, the character of such land at the date of the grant (September 28, 1850), and the right to the same, shall be determined by testimony, to be taken before the surveyor-general, who shall decide the same, subject to the approval of the commissioner of the general land-office. In this case no steps have been taken by the governor or the state authorities to have the character of this land determined, — to have it decided whether it was swamp " and overflowed at the date of the grant. Nor does it apjxear that the defendants have even taken steps to have the governor or state authorities move in the matter. The patent under which the plaintiff makes title was issued on the 16th of December, 1882, on a claim commencing as far back as 1850. Defendants claim that their claim rested on a certificate of purchase issued on the 2Tst of Jul)r, 1856. The delay in this matter to have the character of the land determined, as could have been done under the section of the act.of 1866, above quoted, -though not conclusive, is strongly persuasive that the — 387 — land was never of the character described by the swampland act of 1850 as swamp and overflowed. The court did not err in refusing to allow defendants to prove that the lands in suit belonged to the category of swamp and overflowed lands. We find no error in the record, and the judgment and order are affirmed. McFarland, J., Works, J., and Sharpstein, J., concurred.