People ex rel. Hackley v. Kelly

By the Court.*—Leonard, J. —It was urged at the hearing, by the counsel for the applicant, that it sufficiently appeared, from the order of commitment, that the pile of’bills amounting to $40,000 might have been given to the aldermen for the pur — 152 — pose indicated, and that the applicant might have been the person who made the gift; at least, that such fact was so probable as to render it manifest that the privilege claimed was not unfounded. It is an indisputable rule of the common law, that a witness cannot be compelled to render an answer that will criminate of disgrace him; nor can he, by that rule, if the privilege is claimed in season, be required to disclose any fact that will form an essential link in the chain of evidence tending to convict him of any crime. (United States a. Burr, 1 Rob., 207-245; People a. Mather, 4 Wend., 229.) The Legislature, however, can change that or any other rule of the common law not fortified by the Constitution. The Constitution contains a provision that “ no person shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself.” To a certain extent, this constitutional provision acknowledges the existence of the common-law rule referred to, and confirms it. The provision of the Constitution is not so broad in its scope as the common-law rule adverted to. (Vide opinion of Chancellor Walworth, in the Court of Errors, Henry a. The Bank of Selina, 5 Hill, 526.) The commitment furnishes evidence that the complaint under investigation before the grand jury was against certain aider-men, members of the Common Council, for feloniously receiving a gift of money under an agreement that their votes should be influenced thereby in a matter pending before them in their official capacity. It thus appears that the offence under investigation was substantially that which is described in section 52 of the amended charter of the city of New York, passed in 1857. (Laws of 1857, 894, 895.) At least, it appears quite as distinctly that such was the offence which the grand jury were investigating, as do the facts upon which the applicant claims his privilege to be exempt from giving the evidence required. Assuming that such was the subject before the grand jury, and that there is reasonable ground to believe that the prisoner might have been a particeps criminis in the same matter then under examination, he was protected by the same section 52 of the charter from having any use made of his testimony in any — 153 — prosecution, civil or criminal, against himself. The common-law rule above referred to was, as to him, in the event of his giving evidence which would show him to be an offender under that section, fully abrogated. Such was the intention of the Legislature, and such is the effect of the provision referred to. Section 52 of the charter provides, in substance, that in case. any person shall promise or give any money, &c., to any member of the Common Council, &c., to influence his official action, or in case any member, &e., shall accept any such gift, under an agreement that his action shall be influenced in his official capacity, he shall, on conviction, be disqualified from holding office under the charter, and shall be punished by imprisonment and fine. “ Every person offending against either provision of this section shall be a competent witness against any other person offending in the same transaction, and may be compelled to appear and give evidence before any grand jury or in any court, in the same manner as other persons; but the testimony so given shall not be used in any prosecution or proceeding, civil or criminal, against the person so testifying.” The constitutional privilege of a witness to be exempt from inquiry in respect to criminal matters as to which he may be an offender, as before observed, is much narrower than the common-law rule. The act of 1837, in respect to usury, contains a similar provision in respect to persons committing usury, which was thereby made a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment ; the offender was required in civil actions to disclose the usury, but was protected from .the use of his testimony against him before a grand jury, or on the trial of any indictment against him. The same question came before the late Chancellor Walworth, in the case of Perrine a. Striker (7 Paige, 598), which is here presented. That question arose under the act to prevent usury, passed in 1837, above referred to. A bill was filed in chancery under that act to compel an alleged offender to make discovery of the usury taken by him on a promissory note, upon which the offender had brought an action at law. The objection was raised by demurrer. Tim chancellor declared, after referring to the constitutional provision- then in force, which was the same as that contained in the present — 154 — Constitution, that he was not prepared to say that the case before him was a criminal one, within the meaning of the Constitution. The chancellor considered the act in question before him entirely constitutional, although the action was dismissed on another grcfund. The act against usury has been in full force for more than twenty years, and offenders against its provisions have been frequently compelled to answer in respect to the usury committed, but no court has ever yet pronounced the provision compelling parties to disclose the usury to be unconstitutional, although the offence was punishable by fine and imprisonment. The offender clearly gives evidence against himself in a case of usury, but it is not given in a criminal case. The common-law rule would protect him in his privilege as a witness, whether he were called on to testify in a civil or criminal case, were it not abolished by the statute. The disclosure is just as pernicious to the witness who discloses that he has committed the offence of usury, or some fact that may tend to accuse him of that offence, where the evidence is given in a civil case, as it would be if given in a criminal case. It is true that Hackley has been required to give evidence in a criminal case, but it was not in a case against himself. In order to shield himself from giving evidence under the provision of the Constitution, two facts must concur: the matter or case under trial or investigation must be criminal, and it must also be against himself. The common-law rule protects parties from being required to give evidence against themselves in civil as well as in criminal actions. The Legislature have abolished it, as they had authority to do. The Constitution, however, forbids the Legislature to pass any law to compel a person in a criminal case to give evidence against himself. But no one who is not a defendant can claim the exemption under the provision of the Constitution. Had the framers of the Constitution intended to furnish as comprehensive a rule as is claimed by the counsel for the prisoner, the provision would require a change, substantially to this effect: Ho person shall be compelled to give evidence which may be used in a criminal case against him. The subject has been considered thus far upon the hypothesis — 155 — of the counsel for the prisoner, as to the facts,, except only that they do not admit that the case under investigation arose under section 52 of the charter. I am not prepared to say, however, that the facts do appear so fully as to entitle this court to question the authority of the Court of Sessions to pronounce the decision which they did. The offence may have been barred by the Statute of Limitations, and in that case the prisoner would not be entitled to claim the benefit of the common-law rule. (Close a. Olney, 1 Den., 319.) Or it may be that such facts came before that court as to enable them to see that the prisoner’s claim of privilege was unfounded for some other cause. The case is not before us for review, nor can we reverse, alter, or modify the order which commits Hackley to jail. We are expressly prohibited by statute from inquiring into the merits of the decision made by the recorder. (3 Rev. Stat., 5 ed., 888, § 57.) We may consider whether the Court of General Sessions had jurisdiction to make the order, and whether a contempt is specially and plainly charged in the commitment. (§ 55.) If the decision or the commitment fail in these respects, the imprisonment is illegal, and the applicant must be discharged. The counsel for the applicant insist that the commitment does not show that any contempt was committed, because the burden of making it to appear from the face of the process, that the prisoner was not entitled to the privilege which he claimed, rested on the tribunal making the inquiry, in relation to which the ‘alleged contempt arose, inasmuch as he had asserted his privilege, and that fact fully appears. I am unable to find any authority for such a position. The authorities relied on are People a. Lohman (2 Barb., 216); and People a. Rector (19 Wend., 569). These cases arise on bills of exception, and they hold that where the witness asserts his privilege, the party claiming his evidence must show that the witness was not legally entitled thereto, or an exception to the ruling of the judge in favor of the claim of the witness will not be well taken. They are not authority for requiring any such statement to be contained in the process of commitment, as has been claimed. The commitment would be necessarily lengthy if it were to — 156 — contain a statement of all the proof which the Court of Sessions had before them, and upon which their decision was pronounced. It was not necessary to have stated in the process the reason given by the prisoner for his refusal to answer. But the unnecessary statement of the reason did not render it necessary to rebut, by a recital of facts proved, these reasons which that court decided to be unfounded. (People a. Cassels, 5 Hill, 164; People a. Sheriff of N. Y., 29 Barb., 622.) It is also insisted that the commitment is illegal, because the contempt did not occur in the presence of the court, but in the grand-jury room, before the jury as an independent body; and that the presentation of the matter in open court was a violation of the oaths of the grand jurors to keep secret the counsels of their fellows and their own. The jurisdiction of the Court of General Sessions, as provided by statute, is, among other things, to inquire, by the oaths of good and lawful men of the county, of all crimes and misdemeanors committed or triable in the county, as well as to hear, determine, and punish. (3 Rev. Stat., 5 ed., 302, § 5, subdivisions 1 and 2.) These duties are to be performed through the medium and assistance of grand and petit jurors. The grand jury is an adjunct of.the court as well as the petit jury. , The grand jury are not complete, as an official body, for the performance of duty, without the direction, and, in. some respects, the control, of the presiding judge of the court into which they are summoned. They are to receive their charge or instructions as to their duty from the court, and when indictments are found by them they return them into court. The indictments do not become operative until they are returned into and become part of the records of the court. The delinquencies and misconduct of the grand jurors are also punishable by the court as contempts. They are organized, and their foreman is appointed by the presiding judge of the court. The witnesses are brought before them on subpoenas issued from the court into which the grand jurors are summoned to serve; and the practice prevails, on proof of the service of the subpoena, and the non-attendance of the witnesses before the grand jury, for the court, and not the grand jury, to punish the witnesses as for a contempt. — 157 — ■ The grand jury are summoned to serve in the Court of General Sessions (3 Rev. Stat., 5 ed., 1013, § 10), to enable that court to perform the duty enjoined on them of inquiring as to all crimes, &c. When summoned, sworn, and organized, the grand jury are a constituent part of the court, for the performance of the functions and duties devolved upon the court, as much as a body of twelve petit jurors impanelled for the trial of a person charged with crime. The oath administered to the grand jurors, to keep secret the counsel of their fellows and themselves, is not to obstruct the administration of justice. The grand jurors do not necessarily disclose any secret of their-body by reporting to the court the contumacy of a witness. When the witness has been brought before .the grand jury to testify, he is, for the time, in the custody or under the control of the court and the grand jury. Pie stands in the same relation to the court as a witness on the stand before the court and a petit jury. The witness has no right to leave the presence of the grand jury, after he has been sworn and placed under examination, without their permission. The Court of General Sessions have the authority, by necessary implication, to compel the immediate attendance in their presence of any delinquent or contumacious witness, after he has been sworn by the grand jury, in a case under investigation before them. The jurisdiction and authority of the Court of General Sessions and of the grand jury, to inquire of all crimes, &c., would be frustrated without the exercise in practice of this power and control over witnesses. In my opinion, the grand jury or the Court of General Sessions might lawfully compel the prisoner to attend in open court, and there, in his presence, make complaint of his conduct ; -and there, after hearing what he might say in answer to the complaint, adjudge and decide whether or not he was guilty of a contempt. In the present case, the prisoner attended before the court, voluntary or otherwise, together with the grand jury, and I think it may be fairly inferred that he admitted the facts in respect to which the complaint was made, and persisted in his refusal to answer the question stated in the process. — 158 — We think it is not necessary that it should appear on the process of commitment how the question was relevant to the matter under investigation, or how the answer might affect the prisoner. It is sufficient that the court decided that the question was a proper one, and that the witness was in contempt for refusing to answer it. There is no evidence before us of a want of jurisdiction or authority to pronounce the decision which the Court of General Sessions did pronounce, and there is no irregularity or defect on the face of the commitment. The writ of habeas corpus must be discharged, and the prisoner remanded to the custody of the sheriff. Footnotes [*] Present, Clerke, Leonard, and Barnard, JJ.