Keeler v. Clark

Balcom, J. The manner in which actions are to be commenced before justices of the peace, except those to recover the possession of personal property, is not prescribed by the" Code. (See Code, §§52-68.) Actions in justice’s courts, except those above mentioned, are now commenced, as heretofore, by the voluntary appearance and agreement of the parties, or by summons, warrant, or attachment, as provided by the Revised Statutes, the act of 1831, to abolish imprisonment for debt, and the statutes amending the same. (See 3. Rev. Stat., 5 ed., 428-433; Ib., 462-465; Laws of 1831, 396, ch. 300; 1 Cow. Treatise, 2 ed., 451-493.) Title seven of the second part of the Code concerning provisional remedies in civil actions does not relate to actions in courts held by justices of the peace. (Code, § 8.) A defendant cannot be arrested under that title, or under any other provision of the Code, in an action commenced before a justice of the peace. He can only be arrested in such an action when it is commenced by warrant issued by the justice in the manner prescribed by statute irrespective of the Code. But parties to actions brought before justices of the peace, though commenced by summons, for torts or wrongs, and for some other causes of action, are liable to arrest and imprisonment by virtue of executions issued on judgments rendered in such actions. (See Statutes, cited supra ; 2 Cow. Tr., 2 ed., 1034-1047; Laws of 1840, 120 ; 9 Wend., 430 ; 13 Ib., 68.) The plaintiff’s counsel contends that the complaint shows that this action was founded on contract, and that it was not purely ex delicto / and he therefore insists that the plaintiff’s imprisonment by virtue of any execution issued on the judgment in it, is forbidden by the first section of the act to abolish imprisonment for debt. (Laws of 1831, 396, ch. 300.) He relies principally upon the decisions in Masters a. Stratton (7 Hill, 101), and Wilbur a. Brown (3 Den., 356), to sustain his position. But those decisions do not aid him. Those actions were for nonfeasance, mere omissions of duty imposed by contracts; and they could not be sustained without proving such contracts; and of course were founded on contracts, and were brought for the recovery of damages for the non-performance thereof by the defendants. [157] This action was brought for mis-feasance or malfeasance, for negligently doing positive acts, and was maintainable, if at all, for tort simply, without reference to any contract made between the parties. The plaintiff could have recovered a valid judgment if the proof of negligence on the part of the defendant had been sufficient, without showing that the defendant was using the oxen pursuant to a contract at the time they were injured. He was not bound to prove, to sustain his complaint, that he gave the defendant permission to use the oxen. His case would have been established if he had showed himself free from negligence, and that the oxen were injured by the negligent acts of the defendant. It would therefore be erroneous to hold that the action was founded on contract, or that it was brought for the recovery of damages for the non-performance of a contract. But if the plaintiff had been obliged to prove, to sustain the complaint, that the defendant used the oxen by virtue of an agreement between the parties, still the action would have been ex delicto,—i. e., for positive wrong on the part of the defendant in carelessly and negligently rolling a stump upon them, and breaking the leg of one of them. The Court for the Correction of Errors held in McDuffie a. Beddoe (7 Hill, 578), that an action may be ex delicto, or for tort, though a contract be alleged by way of inducement; and I held the same way, without having my attention called to that case, in Ridder a. Whitlock. (12 How. Pr., 208.) It seems to me to be very clear that this action was one for injuring the plaintiff’s oxen, and not one for a breach of a contract for their use; and that if the action had been commenced in this court, the defendant could have been arrested and held to bail under section 179 of the Code, and also imprisoned by virtue of an execution against his person, issued upon a judgment against him in the action by virtue of section 288 of the Code. The complaint contains a statement of facts showing one of the causes of arrest (to wit, an injury to the plaintiff’s oxen by the negligent acts of the defendant), required by the above-mentioned section 179 of the Code; and the judgment of this court in the action must be enforced by execution according to the Code. (§ 283.) [158] The defendant could have been imprisoned by execution, issued on the judgment of the justice, if he had not appealed therefrom; and the plaintiff could have been imprisoned by execution, issued by the justice, if the justice had rendered judgment against him instead of in his favor, and no appeal had been taken therefrom. I am of the opinion that the remedies by execution for enforcing the judgment rendered by this court, in the action, are the same they would be if the action had been commenced in this court; and that the execution against the person of the plaintiff, on the judgment rendered against him by this court for costs, was regularly issued ; and that the motion to set it aside should be denied, with $10 costs. Order accordingly.