Smith v. Sanger

By the Courts Paige, J. The revised statutes (vol. 1, p. 412, § 83, Is/ ed.) provide, that, whenever any lands sold for taxes by the comptroller shall, at the time of the conveyance, be in the actual occupancy of any person, the grantee to whom the same shall have been conveyed, or the person claiming under him, shall serve a written notice on the person occupying such land, stating in substance the sale and conveyance, the person to whom made, and the amount of the consideration money mentioned in the conveyance, &c.; and stating also that unless such consideration money, &c. shall be paid into the treasury, for the benefit of such grantee, within six months after the service of such notice, the conveyance of the comptroller will become absolute, and the occupant and all others interested in the land be forever barred from all right or title thereto. Section 85 provides that the occupant, or any other person, may, at any time within the six months mentioned in such notice, redeem the land sold, by paying into the treasury the consideration money, &c> Section 87 declares that in every case of — 364 — actual occupancy, the grantee, &c. in order to complete his title to the land conveyed, must file with the comptroller an affidavit of the service of such notice. And section 88 provides, if the comptroller shall bé satisfied by such affidavit, that the notice has been duly served, and if the moneys required to be paid into the treasury for the redemption of such land, shall not have been paid, he shall certify the fact, and the conveyance before made by him shall thereupon become absolute. The question in this case is, whether there was such an occupancy, by Frederick W. Baker, of a part of lot 84 in Duer’s patent, at the date of the comptroller’s deed to the plaintiff as came within the meaning of the revised statutes. If Baker was an actual occupant of a part of lot 84 at the time of the conveyance to the plaintiff, the latter could acquire no title under such bonveyance, without serving the notice on the occupant, and filing the affidavit of such service, and obtaining the comptroller’s certificate, required by the 83d, 87th, and 88th sections of the revised statutes, (vol. 1, p. 412, 1st ed.) No title passes to the grantee until such notice has been served, and such affidavit filed, and such certificate obtained. The performance of these acts Judge Cowen, in Bush v. Davison, (16 Wend. 554,) says constitutes “ a condition precedent, to all intents and purposes, and that without showing affirmatively the literal performance of it, the (comptroller’s) deed still remained mere waste paper, of no more effect than the sale under a mortgage power without advertisement,” &c. Without the previous performance of this condition precedent, the comptroller’s deed is not only inoperative as to the part of the land actually occupied, but it is also inoperative as to the part unoccupied. Cowen, J., in the same case says, that “ the condition is an entire thing. So is the conveyance and the title. So the tax, the land and the right to redeem. The condition imposed by the statute has arisen if a single foot of land was actually occupied.” The condition, he says, “ must be performed before the deed can operate to pass the title of the owner; or, in the language of the statute, before the grantee can complete his title to the land conveyed.” The notice, the affidavit and certificate being a — 365 — condition precedent, whenever there is occupied land covered by the deed, it cannot be apportioned or divided, to the end that the deed may avail as to the unoccupied land. (Comstock v. Beardsley, 15 Wend. 348; 5 Hill, 286.) The statute seems to have been intended for the benefit not only of the occupant, but also of every other person who has any interest in the land sold. For it provides that “ the occupant, or any other person,” may redeem the land. The giving of the notice, and the performance of the other acts constituting the condition precedent, cannot be waived by the occupant who has no interest in the land, to the prejudice of the owner. It is not necessary that the occupation should be by the owner, or by a person having an interest in the land, to create the necessity of a service of the notice. (Jackson v. Esty, 7 Wend. 150.) The statute calls for the service of the notice wherever there is an actual occupancy; an .occupancy by any person, whether he has an interest in the land or not. In Jackson v. Esty, the occupant held nothing but the possession or betterments,• and made no claim of title to the land. He was a mere squatter ; and the defendant who- had succeeded to the rights of the occupant, had offered to purchase of the lessors of the plaintiff. But it was held that, as the premises were actually occupied at the date of the comptroller’s deed, the service of the notice was necessary. It was evidently not intended, in the adoption of the statute, 'to require an occupancy connected with the title, but the object was to afford to the person who might happen, at the date of the deed, to be an occupant, and to every other person who had an interest in the land, an opportunity to redeem the whole of the land sold. Thus, in Comstock v. Beardsley, (15 Wend. 348,) it was held that any person in the possession of land, and liable to assessment and taxation therefor, was an occupant, within the meaning of the statute, and as such must be served with notice. The revised statutes, (1 R. S. 389, § 2, 1st ed.) subject the mere occupant to assessment and taxation for real estate. The second section declares that land owned by a person residing in the town, but occupied by another, may be — 366 — assessed in the name of the owner or occupant; thus recognizing a distinction between persons who hold the title to the land and the mere occupant who has no title thereto. (See Laws of 1836, p. 241, § 27.) Not even an occupancy, which would constitute an adverse possession, is necessary, tp call for the service of the notice required by the statute, in relation to sales of lands for taxes. It was so held by Nelson, J. in 15 Wend. 349. In Jackson v. Esty, (7 Id. 150,) the occupant was a mere squatter, claiming no title; and in Bush v. Davi-son, he was a mere tenant at sufferance; and yet in both cases it was held that the occupancy was within the meaning of the statute. It seems to me, therefore, that in the case of a comptroller’s deed on a sale for taxes, the only question in relation to the' necessity of service of notice, is, whether there was an actual occupancy of any part of the land sold, irrespective, altogether, of the occupant’s interest in the land. An occupant is defined, in 2 Bouvier’s Law Dict. 242, to be one who has the actual use ox' possession of a thing. Webster defines occupant to be “one who has possession.” In common parlance occupancy is synonymous with possession. In this case, the only question is, did Frederick Baker actually occupy or possess the 2\ square rods of lot No. 84, enclosed by the brush fence with the meadow on lot No. 4 of the gore, at the date of the comptroller’s deed? It seems that Baker took possession of lot No. 4 of the gore, on the 2d of July, 1845. He went into possession, under a contract to purchase lot No. 4 and lot No. 1 of the little location. Both lots were in the same farm. The dwelling house was on lot No. 1. When Baker took possession, the 2¿ square rods were enclosed by the brush fence along the north line of lot No. 4, with the meadow on that lot. He mowed this 2í¡ square rods in 1845, and continued in possession thereof in connection with the residue of lot No. 4, from July 2d, 1845, until November, 1846. This small piece of land, part of lot 84, had been used as a part of the meadow on lot 4, by the previous occupants of that lot, for ten years ; it had been enclosed by the brush fence with the meadow of that lot; and it bad been — 367 — mowed for several years, previous to the possession of Baker, by such occupants. This evidence I think sufficient to make out an actual occupancy by Baker, at the date of the comptroller’s deed, of the 2§ square rods, a part of lot 84, within the meaning of the revised statutes. If Baker was an actual occupant, at .the date of the deed, his ignorance of the fact that the brush fence included a part of lot 84, and the-fact of his not claiming the 2\ square rods as a part of that lot cannot, in my judgment, displace or defeat his actual occupancy. His entry upon lot No. 4 of the gore, under his contract, and his taking possession of and claiming the 2|- square rods as a part of lot 4, he believing that the brush fence which included this small parcel of land was on the north line of that lot, was a good practical location of the north line of lot No. 4; and if acquiesced in by the owner of lot 84 for a sufficient length of time to bar a right of entry, such location could not be disturbed; and Baker «would acquire a perfect title to the part of 84 embraced by such practical location. Practical locations of boundary lines are in general made where the parties are ignorant of the true lines • and they are made under a belief that such locations are correct. Ignorance of the true location cannot defeat the legal effect of a practical location. (Rockwell v. Adams, 7 Cowen, 761, S. C. 6 Wend. 468, S. C. 16 Id. 302.) It is not necessary, in order to make an actual practical location control the courses and distances in a deed, that the party making such location, or acquiescing in it, should know that the effect of it will be to give him less land than he otherwise would be .entitled to. If the evidence authorizes the inference that the brush fence between lot No. 4 and lot 84, was sufficient to protect the meadow from the intrusion of cattle, (which I think it does,) it may be regarded as a substantial enclosure; and if it was a substantial enclosure, the possession of Baker, had there been no contract of purchase and no disclaimer of title, would have been an adverse possession. (2 R. S. 294. 5 Cowen, 220.) If the possession of Baker was sufficient to constitute an adverse possession, it is very’clear that it was at least an actual occupancy. — 368 — To create an actual occupancy, within the meaning of the statute, it cannot be necessary that the part actually occupied, of a lot of land sold for taxes, should be occupied professedly as a part of such lot. If such part is occupied as a part of another lot, it is equally an occupancy, and is as effectual as if it had been occupied as a part of the lot sold. It is not necessary, under the decisions in the cases cited, that there should be a constructive occupancy of the whole of the land sold, in order to bring an occupancy of a part within the statute. If a constructive occupany of the whole is required, it may be necessary, as is contended by the plaintiff’s counsel, that the occupancy of the part should be in the name of, and as a part of, the whole. I cannot see how Baker’s entry into possession, under a contract of purchase from the plaintiff, of lot No. 4, could deprive him of the character of an actual occupant of the 21-square rods of lot 84 included within the brush fence. Baker, by his entry, under a contract of purchase from the plaintiff, did not become bis tenant. No relation of landlord and tenant existed between them. Baker was not entitled to notice to quit, nor liable to distress, or to an action for rent. (Smith v. Stewart, 6 John. 46.) He was only estopped from denying the plaintiff’s title to lot No. 4 until he obtained his deed, in pursuance of the contract of purchase. (Jackson v. Hotchkiss, 6 Cowen, 401. 5 Wend. 248.) As soon as he obtained his deed, the estoppel would cease. After receiving his deed, he would hold adversely to the plaintiff, and would be at liberty to controvert his title. (3 Hill, 518. 7 Wheat. 535. 4 Peters, 506. Averill v. Wilson, decided by the supreme court held for the 4th district, in November, 1848.) But there is another answer to this objection. Baker’s contract did not embrace any part of lot 84. He could not, therefore, be said to hold or occupy any part of lot 84 as the tenant under the plaintiff. There being no conflict in the evidence on the subject of occupancy, there was nothing for the jury to pass upon; and as the facts would not have justified the jury in finding a verdict for the plaintiff, he was properly nonsuited. It is the duty — 369 — of the court to nonsuit the plaintiff when the evidence will not authorize a jury to find a verdict for him, or when the court would set it aside if so found, as contrary to evidence, or against the clear weight and effect of the evidence. (Stuart v. Simpson, 1 Wend. 376. Rudd v. Davis, 3 Hill, 287.) On the trial of this cause, I was at first inclined, especially in consequence of the trifling extent of the actual occupancy shown in the case, to hold that the comptroller’s deed was operative as to the whole of lot 84 not occupied at its date, and that it was only inoperative as to the small piece shown to have been occupied at that time by Baker. But on being referred to the case of Bush v. Davison, (16 Wend. 554,) in which Judge Cowen held that “ the condition imposed by the statute has arisen if a single foot of land was actually occupied,” and that the condition was an entire thing and could not be apportioned or divided, I felt myself bound by that decision, and compelled to dispose of the case in conformity to the principles settled by it. The motion to set aside the nonsuit, and for a new trial, must be denied.