Brown v. Woodworth

By the Court, Morehouse, J. At common law an assize of nuisance lay only against him who levied the nuisance, or — 552 — in other words the wrongdoer himself. Upon an alienation of the land wherein the nuisance was set up, the party injured was driven to his quod permittat prosternare. This writ was in its nature a writ of right. It lay not at common law for tenant at life, by reason whereof and that there was great delay, the statute of Wm. 2, ch. 25, gave an assize of novel disseisin for the redress of a variety of wrongs. While in use it lay by the heir of the disseisee against the disseisor, or his heir, or his alienee who levied the nuisance, by statute Wm. 2, ch. 24. Long before we were a free people these actions had been turned into actions upon the case, and were out of use in England. They were preserved by legislation, as old remedies, until the revision of the statutes in 1830 ; and in that revision the writ of nuisance as a common law remedy was retained as theretofore accustomed, subject to the provisions of the revised statutes on that subject. (2 R. S. 332, § 1.) To return to the assize of nuisance. We have seen that it lay only against the wrongdoer. In 13 Edw. 1, “ there was not found any writ of assize of nuisance in the register but what supposed that the tenants in the assize levaverunt, and this cannot be said when the tenement is transferred to another, for he did not levy the nuisance, but the other only.” The 24th chapter of the acts of parliament of that year provides, that the party grieved shall have a writ as well against the alienee as against him that erected it. It was held that that statute extends only to assize of nuisance against him who did the nuisance and his alienee. (2 Lutw. 1588.) It does not extend to the alienee of the alienee.” It seems by the statute that the action shall be brought against him that did the tort and the tertenants after the alienation. (Fitz. Natura Brevium, 124, H. 290, in the note Viner’s Ab. Nuisance, 34.) On the 12th of March, 1787, the legislature of this state, in an act for giving further remedy and regulating the process and proceedings in assizes.and other actions, enacted the provisions in the act of Ed. 1, above referred to. (Laws of N. Y. vol. 2,103, J. & V. ed. 1789.). Section 5 of the chapter is as follows : “ That in cases of nuisance, the plaintiff shall not go. without remedy because the land is tons — 553 — ferred to another; and further, that when the writ is granted against him or her who hath levied or shall levy the nuisance, the writ shall be made as hath been heretofore used, in the following form : A. R hath complained to us, that C. D. unjustly and without judgment, hath erected (or made or levied) a house (or a wall, sink, pond, or whatever other thing it may be,) to the nuisance of his freehold. And if such things so levied, erected, or made, be aliened from one to another, the writ shall be thus: A. B. hath complained to us that C. D. and E. F. have erected.” This enactment, in precisely the same words, will be found in the revisions of our laws down to and including the revision of 1813. (See also 2 R. S. 332, § 3.) Writs of nuisance were, by statute, returnable and to be determined in the nature of assizes, either at the supreme court, or at the circuit court, in the county where the nuisance happened. The common law remedies which I have referred to, and which were thus secured by statute, had never been resorted to in this state. An action on the case, or a bill in equity, commended by their simplicity and familiarity-to the bar and bench, were the only remedies used in cases of private nuisance. The last revision of our statutes yielded to the wishes of the legislature in abolishing all the real actions known to the common law, not enumerated and retained in ch. 5 of the 3d part of that revision. That by writ of nuisance was among the favored, from an impression “ that it might be made very useful because it was, and is, a part of the judgment, that the nuisance be abated. The proceedings in the old writ were simplified, in the service of the writ, in proceedings on default, and in the mode of trial, dispensing with a view of the nuisance by the jury. The judgment of the ancient law was retained. The spectacle of a sheriff, with his posse comitatus, conquering the perverseness of a defendant, who had rather pay his ill-natured neighbor six cents a year consequential damages, with costs, than voluntarily sacrifice thousands in abating a dam, has not yet been exhibited. The revised statute made no change as to parties, and enacts in language not susceptible of misconstruction, that in case of a transfer of the land to another, the party by whom. — 554 — the nuisance was erected, and he to whom it was transferred; shall both be named as defendants in the writ. (2 R. S. 332, § 2.) Assize lies for acts of misfeasance, but for acts of nonfeasance an action on the case lies; It does not lie for a laches of my doing what I ought to do. It can only be brought by the tenant of the freehold, and shall be brought against tenant of the franktenenient. ( Viner’s Ab. Nuisance.) The writ and the counts in this case concur in complaining of a continuance of the nuisance. It is true, that every continuance of a nuisance, so far as an action for damages is concerned, is held to be a fresh one, and it is upon this assumption, that he who raised a dam, and his alienee continuing it, are allowed to be charged jointly, as having unjustly raised it, and in an action on the case, the plaintiff may declare both ways, for erecting and continuing, or for continuing only, and the latter is sufficient in any case. In the action of assize of nuisance there is no. election. The party by whom the nuisance was erected is defendant, and if he has transferred the land to another, then he by whom the nuisance was erected, and he to whom it was transferred, shall both be named as defendants in the writ. There is no room for judicial doubt or criticism, as to the sense in which the legislature used the word shall in this statute. There is neither precedent ndr opinion to be found in the books, from the time of Edward 1 to the present day, countenancing the assumption that the legislature meant to give a mere discretionary power, and not to impose a positive duty, by the use of the term shall, in the statute in question. The remedy is retained as heretofore accustomed. I have shown that it did not lie against any but the very wrongdoer himself, who levied or did the nuisance, at common law, and that the statute gave a new writ when the lands were aliened, against the wrongdoer and alienee, upon a complaint, that both had levied or raised the nuisance. Without the statute there is no writ, for such a case. Regarding the statute as remedial, I know of-no rule of liberality in its construction, which would authorize the court to entirely dispense with the prescribed proceedings for the attainment of the remedy, or warrant its extension to a — 555 — case not expressly provided for. On the contrary, when I reflect upon the irreparable injuries which might be inflicted upon individuals and companies, using the waters of our country as a motive power, if this obsolete remedy should be revived and favored, and consider the ample remedies of the offended party, to abate the nuisance by his own mere act and authority, in some cases, and in all to sue for damages as continuously as its existence occasions any, I think the court should be rigid in exacting a strict compliance with all the requisites of the statute. (1 Denio, 436. 1 Barb. Sup. C. Rep. 65. Smith's Com. 692, § 547.) The plaintiff was properly nonsuited, upon the ground that such a case as his was unknown to the common law, and was not authorized by statute. The variance was between matter of description in the count and the proof. The allegation was, that the dam continued was below the plaintiff’s land ; the proof was, that it was adjoining and on the plaintiff’s land. The tests of the materiality of varían-, ces introduced by the code in chap. 6 of lit. 6, and the provisions for amendments, by the party and the court, or the total disregard of them by the latter, have no application to tin's case. The counsel citing it on the argument had overlooked § 390. By express provision the act was not to affect proceedings provided for by title 4 of chapter 5 of part 3 of the revised statutes. The variance was therefore fatal. (1 Denio, 181. 3 Id. 356. 2 Barn. & Ald. 363. 2 Barn. & Cress. 910.) The general rule as to license is laid down in Shepherd’s Touchstone, 231. It is, “ that license, or liberty, cannot be created and annexed to an estate of inheritance or freehold, without deed.” In Monk v. Buller, (Cro. Jac. 574,) it was held that a license by a commoner must be by deed. (2 Saund. 323, 328.) Many cases will be found considered in Hawkins v. Shippam, (5 B. & C. 221;) Perry v. Fitzhowe, (8 Adol. & Ellis, 575.) The license in this case is claimed, not against the person granting it, if any was granted, but a subsequent owner in fee as running with the land, and binding the inheritance ; not by the person to whom it was granted, but by his grantees. It is a claim of an interest in the land, and a free — 556 — hold interest by way of easement in the lands flowed, which could only pass by deed. (2 Barb. Ch. Rep. 230. 2 R. S. 135, § 6.) In an assize of nuisance the party goes for acts of commission, and the person who committed them would not be entitled to notice to reform the nuisance, before suit brought; for the injured party might abate the nuisance, without notice an.d without an appeal to v court of justice. New trial denied.