Munson v. Hungerford

By the Court, Gridley, J. This case comes before the court "upon exceptions taken to the ruling of the justice on the trial of the cause. The plaintiffs’ claim, as stated in their declaration and proved on the trial, was founded on injuries done to their mill and factory dam, which were situated on the Black river at Brownville in the county of Jefferson. These injuries were effected by means of large quantities of saw-logs thrown into the stream between the years 1842 and 1846, to be floated down, which were driven with great violence, by the floods, and dashed against the dam, in such a manner as to displace the timbers and tear up the foundations of the structure. The defendants claimed a right to navigate the river by floating logs upon it in the manner described by the witnesses, notwithstanding the exercise of that right might involve the destruction of the property of individuals, invested in mills and factories, which depended upon dams for their supply of water. It was insisted that this right of floating logs had been acquired by long continued usage and had become a public servitude, in subordination to which the riparian owner must consent to enjoy his private right to the use of the water flowing in the stream. The bill of exceptions states that after the testimony was closed the justice, among other things, charged the jury i! that there was no evidence that the river was a public highway so as to entitle the defendants to float their logs down the river, in the manner described by the witnesses, to the prejudice or damage of the plaintiffs’ structure at Brownville; and if they had done so, and in so doing had injured the dam of the plaintiffs, they were liable to respond in damages for such .injury; to which charge the defendants excepted. The first question presented for our consideration is whether — 269 — the Black river, between Carthage and Brownville, a distance of about 34 miles, over which the defendants floated their logs, is a navigable stream, or in other words is entitled to be considered a public highway for the purpose of floating logs upon it. Streams of water have been divided into several distinct classes. 1. Arms of the sea, in which the tide ebbs and flows. These belong to the public. 2. Streams which are navigable for vessels, boats, lighters, and as it has also been held, for rafts. In these the people have the right of eminent domain for the purposes of navigation and commerce; and the riparian owner has only a qualified right to the bed of the stream, and the water which flows over it, subordinate to the superior rights of the public. To this class may, perhaps, be added such streams as have been declared by statute to be public highways. 3. Streams which are so small, shallow or rapid, as “ not to afford a passage for the king’s people,” as Lord Hale expresses it; such streams as are not navigable for boats or vessels or rafts. These are altogether private property. The Hudson river has been said to furnish an example of each of these classes of streams, in different parts of its course. That part of its course in which the tide ebbs and flows belongs exclusively to the public. Another portion is navigable for vessels and boats ; and in that the riparian owner holds a qualified property subject to the public use. Another portion higher up is not navigable at all, and that is private property. (See Angell on Water Courses, 206; Hale’s Treatise “ De Jure Maris,” ch. 3; 3 Caines’ Rep. 318; 17 Wend. 572; 17 John. 209.) The tide does not ebb and flow in the Black river; and it has never been declared a public highway by statute. It therefore only remains to inquire whether it is navigable, within the meaning of the authorities, so as to subject it to the use of the public. The witness Watson, at folio 12 of the bill of exceptions, describes the only part of the river concerning which it is necessary to inquire, in the following words: “ The fall from Carthage to Dexter is 400 feet. The bed of the stream is principally rock; and where I have been in sight of the river it shows rock within the distance that saw-logs and spars have — 270 — been run on it, that is from Carthage to Dexter. It is not navigable for floating boats or rafts, and has never been used for floating boats or rafts since my knowledge of it. The distance from Ferret’s bridge, near Carthage, to Dexter, is about 30 miles, and to Brownville about 34 miles, and in that distance there is not one mile of still water except what is made by dams. I think a boat or raft would be broken to pieces on coming down the river.” This is evidence furnished by the defendants themselves, and in my judgment it is conclusive upon the question, whether this is a navigable stream. A stream, to be “ navigable,” within the authorities, (17 John. 209, 210, 211,) must furnish a “ common passage for the king's people,” must be of “ common or public use for carriage of boats and lighters,” must be capable of bearing up and floating vessels for the transportation of property, conducted by the agency of man. It is not enough that a stream is capable, (during a period in the aggregate of from two to four weeks in the year when it is swollen by the spring and autumn freshets,) of carrying down its rapid course whatever may have been thrown upon its angry waters to be borne at random over every impediment in the shape of dams or bridges which the hand of man has erected. To call such a stream navigable in any sense, it seems to us is a palpable misapplication of the term. If we are right in our conclusion upon this point, there is no error in the charge, and a new trial can not be granted on that ground. The defendants’ counsel might have called upon the judge to express his opinion to the jury on the effect of the alleged usage to float logs in the manner complained of by the plaintiffs, admitting the Black river not to be a navigable stream; but he did not, and therefore that question is not raised on this bill of exceptions. But as that question might have been raised, and as it may hereafter be raised in a future suit, we will proceed to express our opinion upon it. The defendants rely mainly on the case of Shaw v. Crawford, (10 John. 236.) That case was not very accurately considered, as is inferable from the remarks of Judge Spencer in the case of The People v. Platt, (17 John. 211,) and it was put on the ground that the stream was navigable for — 271 — rafts, and that the usage had existed for 26 years. It is now conceded by the counsel for the defendant that he cannot successfully claim the right in question by custom or prescription. The defendants have used the river for floating logs only some ten years, and of course can not prescribe for themselves; and as a prescription supposes a grant, that defence is not applicable in a case where there can be no grantee. (See 22 Wend. 440 to 444; 20 Id. 121 to 125; 2 John. 357.) The ground, therefore, on which the defendants are compelled to rely, is that of a dedication by the riparian owners of the stream to the public, for the use and purpose of floating logs for two or three weeks of the year, during the swollen freshets, over the rapid current of the Black river, in such a manner as to endanger and seriously injure the dams of factories and mills scattered, to the number of a dozen or fifteen, all along the course of the river, from Carthage to Dexter. Upon this branch of the case two questions arise; (1.) Whether the right to float logs in-the manner described can be made the subject of a dedication to the public. (2.) Whether there is sufficient evidence in the case to establish the fact of such dedication. 1. Can the right claimed by the defendants be made the subject of dedication to the public ? I refer to the 6th Hill, 411, and the 22d Wendell, at page 472, to show what a public dedication is, and the legal grounds on which the principle rests. In the case of Hunter v. The Trustees of Sandy Hill, (6 Hill, 411,) Justice Beardsley enumerates the purposes to which lands may be dedicated; and Justice Cowen, in an elaborate opinion which he delivered in the case of Pearsall v. Post, (20 Wend. 115,) held that land could not, by a user of any length of time, be dedicated to the public use of landing deposits from vessels ; and laid down a rule which confines such dedication to streets and highways, commons, squares, and land dedicated to charitable and religious uses. That decision was affirmed in error. And the chancellor, in delivering his opinion in favor of an affirmance of the judgment, in the court of errors, uses this language : “ But a public place for landing and depositing manure, must from its very nature be confined to a very few individuals, — 272 — and would generally be permitted as a mere neighborhood accommodation, while the owner of the land on which it was deposited had no immediate use for the premises himself.” “ I think it would be most unreasonable to apply the principles of a public dedication to such a case.” (22 Id. 434.) So it may be said that the principle claimed by the defendants must be confined to a few individuals—the owners of lands on the Black river, and the owners of some four or five saw mills at Dexter. It is in no sense a public right which can, from the nature of the case, be enjoyed by the public at large. Again; it can only be enjoyed for a few days in the year, and that when the river is swollen by foreign contributions to five times its usual size. It is moreover a dedication against the public interest, unless we suppose the facility of transporting logs to the saw mills at Dexter more important to the public than the mills, iron works, factories and other erections which are scattered along some thirty miles of a -river, that in water privileges has few rivals in the state. For it is a question of paramount right between the lumbermen and the dam-owners ; and a decision in favor of the former decides the question of right not only against all present owners of hydraulic works, but against all riparian owners who in the progress of time may claim to avail themselves of hitherto unappropriated water privileges. It seems to us that the argument need not be extended to show that the privilege claimed by the defendants cannot well be made the subject of a public dedication. 2. We also think the evidence did not establish the existence of such a dedication. It was held by Senator Verplanck, in the 22d Wendell, 474 to 483, that user alone is not enough to establish the fact of a public dedication, except in the case of streets and public ways. I will only refer to the opinion of the distinguished senator, which is certainly an able vindication of the doctrine he attempted to establish. In the case before the court, the number of persons who had floated logs upon the Black river during the last thirty years has been very small, and the exercise of this right has neither been uninterru'pted nor acquiesced in by the owners of dams on the stream. In truth it might as well be claimed that the own — 273 — ers of half a dozen contiguous farms, who had acquiesced in the drawing of loads over their premises for a few days in each winter, when the injury would be slight, would lose the absolute right to their lands, if they should happen to submit to such trespasses for a period of twenty years. There was an exception to the refusal of the judge to receive evidence of the amount of timber, «fee. on the bank of the Black river. It can not however be necessary td discuss this question; for if we are right in the conclusions to which we have come on the other branches of the case, this evidence can not amount to a defence. New trial denied.