Snell v. Loucks

By the Court, Willabd, P. J. This appeal having been taken on the 21st August last, is governed by the existing code of 1851. There can be no appeal under the code, to the general term, except from a judgment entered upon the report of referees, on the direction of a single judge of the same court; {Code, § 348,) or from an order made at a special term, or by a single judge of the same court, or a county judge. (Id. 349.) There was neither a judgment nor an order in this case, but merely the finding of a jury. The issue tried in this case was a substitute for a feigned issue under the former practice. (Code, § 73.) It was not a civil action. (Id. § 2.) The code is entirely silent as to the remedy for an erroneous decision made by the judge on the trial of such an issue. The court, therefore, in seeking a remedy, must resort to the ancient practice, and after finding an appropriate remedy, adapt it to the present organization of the courts and the analogies of the code. Under the former practice, a feigned issue was sometimes awarded by the court of chancery, and sometimes by the supreme court. When it was directed by the court of chancery, if the party against whom the issue was found, was dissatisfied with the verdict, the application for a new trial might be made either to the court of law in which the issue was tried, or to the court which directed it. (Tidd’s Pr. 805. 1 Arch. Pr. 317. Graham's Pr. 2d ed. 295, 497.) In Doe v. Roe, (1 John. Cas. 402,) a new trial was granted by the supreme court, on a feigned issue out of chancery, on the ground of newly discovered [388] evidence. In Doe v. Roe, (1 John Cas. 25,) an application was made to this court and entertained, for a new trial, on an issue ordered out of chancery to try the fact of adultery, on the ground of the excluding of evidence improperly. In Den v. Fenn, (1 Caines’ Rep. 487,) it was held that relief must be sought in this court to set aside an inquest, improperly taken at the circuit, on an issue ordered out of chancery. The English practice, it is believed, gave a preference to the motion for a new trial in the court which ordered the issue. The object of the feigned issue being to satisfy the conscience of the court, chancery will sometimes award a new trial in cases in which a court of law could not interfere, and will sometimes' deny it, though improper evidence has been received. In Lord Faulconberg v. Pierce, (Ambler, 210,) Lord Hardwick granted a new trial, on the certificate of the judge that the verdict was against the weight of evidence ; a cause for which a court of law would not grant a new trial. And in Cleve v. Gascoigne, (Id. 323,) his lordship granted a new trial for the misdirection of the judge. In Bowker v. Nixon, (6 Taunt. 444,) an application was made in the common pleas for- a new trial of an issue ordered out of chancery, on the ground of the improper rejection of evidence by the judge who presided at the trial. It was insisted that for an error of the judge, the motion should be made in the court of law, though it was conceded that for an error of the jury it might be made in the court which ordered the issue. But the court disregarded the distinction, and said that the application must in all cases be made in the first instance, to the court of chancery. Although there may have been improper decisions by the judge, still if on the whole, it appears that justice has been done, the court will not interfere. (Pemberton v. Pemberton, 11 Ves. jun. 51, 52, 53.) In this state the modern practice has leaned towards having the motion for a new trial made to the court which ordered the issue. Thus in Doe v. Doe, (1 Cowen, 216,) it was held that a motion for anew trial in a feigned issue to try the question of adultery should be made in the court of chancery. This case was partly decided on- the phraseology of the statute, (2 R. L. of 1813, pp. [389] 197,8, § 2,) and which is retained in the revised statutes. (2 R. B. 145, § 40.) But on a feigned issue to try the validity of a will, offered for proof before the surrogate, it is expressly provided that a new trial may he granted by the supreme court. (2 R. S. 67, § 58.) This subject was well examined by McCoun, vice chancellor, in Mulock v. Mulock, (1 Edw. Ch. Rep. 14,18.) The learned vice chancellor observed, that it was well understood that the rules which formerly governed courts of law in granting new trials, upon the ground of testimony improperly admitted or rejected, have not been adopted by the court of chancery. Even courts of law have latterly undertaken to judge for themselves of the materiality of the evidence found to have been improperly admitted or rejected; and when they have been satisfied, that no injustice has been done, and the verdict would have been the same with or without such evidence, they have refused to grant a new trial. (Lord Teynham v. Tyler, 6 Bing. 561.) The object of a feigned issue is to satisfy the conscience of the court upon the matters of fact; and the object is attained when the conscience of the judge is satisfied that, at the trial, justice has been substantially done. In Barker v. Ray, (2 Russ. R. 63.) Lord Eldon says, this court in granting or refusing new "trials proceeds upon very different principles from those of a court of law; and that it has been ruled over and over again, that if on the trial of an issue a judge reject evidence which ought to have been received, or receive evidence which ought to have been rejected, although in that case a court of law would grant a new trial, yet if this court is satisfied the verdict ought not to have been different, it will not grant a now tidal upon such grounds. In Booth v. Blundell, (19 Ves. 503,) and Hampson v. Hampson, (1 V. & B. 41,) the same principles arc recognized. Chancellor Walworth adopted the same doctrine in Apthorp v. Comstock, (2 Paige, 482.) He said in that case, which was an issue to try the genuineness of a deed, that the application for a new trial must he made in the court of chancery when that court had awarded the feigned issue; and he says that that court will not grant a new trial merely on the ground that the judge received [390] improper evidence on the trial of the issue, or that he rejected that which was proper, if on the whole circumstances, the chancellor is satisfied the result ought not to have been different, had such testimony been rejected in the one case, or received in the other. (See also Head v. Head, 1 Sim. & Stu. 150; Turn. & Russ. R. 142, S. C. to the like effect.) Such was the practice in this state on this subject until the act of April 18,1838, (Laws of 1838, p. 244,) entitled “ An act to regulate the trial by jury, and the taking of testimony in chancery.” That act, amongst other things, required issues to be framed in order to ascertain the disputed facts in suits in chancery, and directed the issues to be sent down for trial to any circuit court, superior or county court, and made the finding of the jury conclusive, unless a new trial was granted by the court in which the issue or issues were tried. The case of Griffith v. Griffith, (9 Paige, 216,) arose under that act. The act was found to be so defective and inconvenient in practice, that it was repealed by the act of May 2,1839, (Laws of 1839, p. 292,) and a substitute adopted, differing from it in various particulars, and among others allowing the chancellor to prescribe the manner of proceeding, both as to the awarding and trying issues and as to the manner of proceeding to obtain a new trial of the issues, when necessary. Under this act the 69th chancery rule was modified, so as to prescribe the form of settling and trying issues; but the mode of granting new trials was left as it was before the act of 1838. Such was the practice until the new organization of the courts, and the adoption of the code of procedure. We have now no separate court of chancery to order issues to be tried, but all actions in the supreme court are reduced to a single form. The distinction between the remedies in law and equity is abolished. The special term is held by one of the judges by whom a general term is held, and the judge who orders an issue to be tried to inform the conscience of the court, in a disputed matter depending before him, may not be the presiding judge in that court when the verdict of the jury is brought in. The judge who presides at the trial of the issue, and the judge who presides in special term are of co-ordinate powers. An ap [391] peal from one to the other is not contemplated by the code. It would.be inconvenient in practice, and lead to no satisfactory results. [Saratoga General Term, January 5, 1852. As the practice in this respect is not provided for in the code, and we are left in perfect freedom, under the general powers of the court, to adopt that which is the most convenient, we shall consult the interest of suitors, by requiring that motions for a new trial of an issue, directed by a special term or general term, be made, by the party dissatisfied with the decision, directly to the general term, upon a case settled according to the course and practice of the court in other trials. Such ease, if made to set aside the verdict for an error in matters of law, should contain no more of the evidence than is necessary to raise the question. If made because the verdict was against evidence, it should contain all the evidence given on the trial, or so much thereof as is material. The paper presented in this case is called a bill of exceptions. It however contains all the evidence given on the trial of the issue, and the rulings of the presiding judge. It was settled on notice to the opposite party, whose amendments were before me at the time, and it was a proper case for the consideration of the court in general term. It is not regularly before us as an appeal, and must therefore be struck from the calendar, but without costs and without prejudice. It may be treated as a case, in the subsequent stages of the cause, and may be noticed by either party for a hearing at any subsequent term of the court. And there must be an order to stay proceedings on the judgment until the further order of the court. The notice of appeal may be stricken out of the papers. Motion to strike cause from calendar granted, without costs, and without prejudice. Bill of exceptions converted into a case, and either party allowed to notice it for hearing. Proceedings on judgment stayed in the mean time till the further order of the court. Willard, Hand, Cady and C. h. Mien, Justices.]