Jewett v. Keenholts

By the Court; Harris, J. Simple contract debts, by the common law, are not recoverable in any shape out of the land of a deceased debtor; but the laws of this state make the real estate of the debtor a fund for the payment of debts, on a deficiency of personal assets.. Upon application to the surrogate, at any time within three years, and showing that the personal estate is insufficient to pay the debts of the decedent, that officer is authorized to direct a sale of real estate, and that the avails be applied in satisfaction of debts. Such an order may be made, whether the land is in the hands of the heir, or devisee, or a purchaser from such heir or devisee. Whoever takes the land, within the period limited by statute, takes it subject to this contingency. “ This liability,” says Mr. Justice Barculo, in Hyde v. Tanner, (1 Barb. S. C. Rep. 75,) “ is a kind of statutory lien running with the land, during the three yeará# After the expiration of that period, the heirs or devisees may sell, and a bona fide purchaser will take the estate free and discharged from the debts. (See also Matthews v. Matthews, 1 Edw. Ch. 571.) The mere existence of a debt, creates no lien upon land while the debtor lives; but, upon his death, the character of the debt, by the operation of the statute, is changed. It, at once, becomes a lien upon the real estate of which he died seised, so that it descends to the heir, or passes to the devisee, chargeable with the payment of the debts of the ancestor. “ The heir,” says McLean J. in Watkins v. Holman, (16 Peters, 63,) “cannot196 alien the land to the prejudice of creditors. In fact, and in law, he has no right to the real estate of his ancestor, except that of possession, until the creditors shall be paid.” The legislature has provided the creditor, upon the death of his debtor owning real estate, with a lien not unlike that of a mortgage, or a judgment properly docketed. The mode of enforcing the lien differs in each of the three cases, but in all, the property is bound until the debt is satisfied. It seems to be well settled that upon the foreclosure of amortgage, the purchaser, who, of course, takes such title as the mortgagor had when he executed the mortgage, is entitled to the growing crops or emblements. And that too as against a lessee of the mortgagor or any other person holding under him. This was held upon full consideration in Lane v. King, (8 Wend. 584,) and the decision was relied upon as authority by the chan-. cellor, in Aldrich v. Reynolds, (1 Barb. Ch. Rep. 613.) “ It appears to be in accordance,” says, the chancellor, “ with the principle that where the determination of the estate depends upon the voluntary act of the owner, or where the estate is defeasible by a right paramount, or by a forfeiture, or a breach of condition depending on his own act or omission, he who has the paramount right, or who enters for the forfeiture or breach of condition, is entitled to the emblements.” In Shepard v. Philbrick, (2 Denio, 174,) it was held that a purchaser, upon the foreclosure of a mortgage, was entitled to a crop growing upon the land at the time of the sale, and which having been sown by the mortgagor, had been sold upon an execution against him. (See also Gillett v. Balcom, 6 Barb. 370.) “ There ig a distinction,” says Powell, “ between tenants who have particular estates that are uncertain, defeasible by the act of the parties, or the act of God, and those who have particular estates uncertain, defeasible by right paramount, for, in the latter case, he that hath the right paramount shall have the emblements. As against the mortgagor and his grantees or tenants; the mortgagee undoubtedly has the paramount right.” (See Powell on Mortgages, cited in Lane v. King, supra.) In respect to a sale upon execution, the question-as .to the.right of the purchaser [197] to take the emblements, is not likely to arise in this state, inasmuch as the purchaser must wait fifteen months before he can have possession. But in Pennsylvania, where the purchaser is entitled, to immediate possession, the question has arisen and has been decided in conformity with the rule which governs upon the foreclosure of a mortgage. In Sallade v. James, (6 Barr, 144,) a judgment debtor, after the recovery of a judgment against him, and after execution had been issued-and levied upon his land, leased the land to a tenant for two years and received the first year’s rent in advance. After the tenant had sowed a crop, the land was sold, and the tenant, upon notice, left the premises. Subsequently he went upon the land and cut and removed the grain. Bor this, an action was brought. It was held, that a tenant has a right to enter for the waygoing crop, only where he had an indefeasible right to sow it; and, though a judgment creditor has not a present estate in the land, he has an interest in it, which may presently be turned into one, and a lessee, knowing the fact, and taking his chance of the event, may be supposed to have framed his contracts so as to meet it. If, then, a tenant who sows a crop upon land encumbered by mortgage or judgment, takes the risk of losing it, in case of a sale under the incumbrance, before he can remove his crop, I cannot see why a tenant, occupying land under an heir or devisee, does not take the same hazard in respect to the statutory lien of the ancestor’s debts. The order of the surrogate, and the sale by virtue of that order, are but the execution of the lien j the foreclosure of the mortgage. If the testator had, on the day he died, executed a mortgage upon his -farm to secure his creditors, and then died, devising the farm to his son, subject to the mortgage; it cannot be denied that, upon the foreclosure of such a mortgage, the purchaser would have taken the crop in question, even as against the defendant. I cannot distinguish, in principle, the sale under the surrogate’s order, from the foreclosure of such a mortgage. In either case, the lien existed when the tenant entered. Then, as now, he would have known the condition of the property, and would have. acted with His eyes'.open.' He would be'presumed to have been willing to take [198] the chance of securing his crop before the lien could be enforced. The defendant, in this case, was aware that he would run just this hazard. It appears that, before he sowed, and even before he made his agreement with the devisee, he inquired of Mr. Crounse, who had been the committee of the estate and person of the testator, if there would be any danger of his not being permitted to reap the grain if he should sow it; and was advised to take counsel upon the subject. He was further told that the estate was greatly indebted, and that there was no other way to pay the debts but by a sale of the farm. Indeed, the order for the sale had actually been made, and, probably, the sale was already advertised when the rye was sown. Under these circumstances, the defendant took the risk of the adventure. He knew he might lose the fruit of his labor, if the sale should be perfected before he could harvest, and if it should be decided, as it seems he was apprehensive it might, that the purchaser, in that event, would be entitled to the crop. [Albany General Term, February 7, 1853. Watson, Parker and Harris, Justices.] Upon the facts found by the referee I think the plaintiff was entitled to recover. The judgment should, therefore, be reversed, and a new trial awarded.