Ames v. Belden

By the Court, Hubbard, J. The determination of the issue of law in this case involves a construction of the' following clause in the agreement, on which the action is founded. “And it is further understood, that the said Belden shall be at all the expense of running and furnishing said boat or boats, for the time above stated, and return the same to the said Ames at the port of Port Ontario, in as good condition as they now are, with the exception of the ordinary use and wear.” It is contended, on the part of the plaintiff, and this is the gravamen of the [515] action, that the defendant covenanted by the terms of this clause to return the boats at all hazards, at the expiration of the lease, and that he is not excused from performance on the ground of the casualty set up in the answer. This construction I think untenable. -In my judgment, the understanding expressed is, simply, what the law would have implied, and the language should therefore be construed as having been used with reference to the common law obligation of a bailee in a bailment of this kind. At common law the duty of such a bailee is to exercise that degree of diligence and care in the preservation of the subject of the trust, which a prudent man ordinarily exercises in regard to his own property. (Story on Bail. § 399.) His responsibility is limited to ordinary neglect 5 and hence, if the thing bailed is lost or injured by inevitable accident, without his fault, he is not liable. (Id. § 408.) /} It cannot be doubted, whatever may be the law with reference to common carriers, but that a bailee may enlarge or vary his common law liability by special agreement; (Id. § 33 ; 2 Com. 209;) that he may become an insurer of the safety and re-delivery of the property, and that if he does so, he cannot plead, in excuse of performance of his undertaking, a disability arising from the act of God. (6 Mass. Rep. 63. 16 Id. 238.) Such a defense would involve the absurdity, in a case like this, of alleging a calamity apprehended by the parties, and against the consequences of which the bailee expressly indemnified the bailor. The class of cases where such a defense is admissible, is when the duty or obligation is merely implied by law, as the obligation to return the property when the purposes of the bailment are fulfilled. The act of God cannot be pleaded in excuse of the performance of an express covenant, when compensation in damages may be awarded. (7 Mass. Rep. 325. 16 Id. 238. 2 Saund. 422, n. 2. 6 T. R. 759. 12 Wend. 589. 8 Cowen, 298.) I can find no reported case in point, with reference to the construction which should be given to the language of the agreement now under consideration. I have found none which in principle holds that because such language is used by the parties,_or [516] inserted in their written agreement, it should be construed to mean any thing more than the duty or obligation which the law would have implied had it been omitted. The case of Phillips v. Stevens, (16 Mass. Rep. 238,) does not, I think, sustain the plaintiff’s position. The lessee expressly covenanted to keep in repair, support and maintain the fences and buildings on the demised premises. During the continuance of the term the buildings, without the fault of the lessee, were destroyed by fire. It was held that bj force of the covenant, the lessee was bound to rebuild. There was an additional clause in the lease that the buildings were to be surrendered at the expiration of the term, in as good condition as they Were at the date of the lease. But in the opinion of the court no importance seems to have been given to that; the decision is placed expressly on the ground of the obligation to repair atid maintain, which could not be performed except by rebuilding. This decision was made upon the authority of repeated English cases, which hold the same doctrine, that a covenant to keep in repair imposes a duty to rebuild a leased tenement destroyed by an accidental fire, during the term. (Pardine v. Jane, All. R. 27. Bullock v. Dommit, 6 D. & E. 650. Walton v. Water-house, 2 Saund. 420.) So in case of a covenant to build substantially, and keep in repair for a given time, a bridge, it having been destroyed by an extraordinary flood, the party was held bound to rebuild. (Brecknock Canal Co. v. Pritchard, 6 D. E. 751.) Upon the same principle a lessee is bound to pay rent for the whole term, although the premises are consumed by fire in the mean time. (6 Mass. R. 63. 3 John. 44. Alleyne, 26.) The liability is predicated upon the express undertaking to pay rent; if the lessee intends to save himself from the hardship, he should insert an exception in his lease. In this case the defendant could not be exempted from the payment of the agreed price for the use of the boats, by reason of their loss by the perils of the sea, because he made no exception to his agreement to pay. An express provision in a contract of bailment for hire, to keep the subject of the trust safely, will not enlarge the common law [517] liability of the bailee. That is an obligation which the law implies, that is. to keep as safely as an ordinarily prudent man would his own goods. (2 Black. Com. 453.) Such a provision will not constitute the bailee an insurer of the safety of the thing bailed; and should it be destroyed by inevitable casualty, or stolen without the fault of the bailee, he will not be responsible, (Foster v. The Essex Bank, 17 Mass. Rep. 501.) In that case Chief Justice Parker, in remarking upon the agreement to keep the money deposited, safely, as imposing no greater duty than the exercise of ordinary care, says, “ Any thing more than this would amount to an insurance of the goods, which cannot he presumed to he intended, unless there he an express agreement and an adequate consideration therefor.” This language is peculiarly applicable to this case. The defendant has not in terms expressly agreed to become an insurer, and there is no consideration expressed. It cannot be inferred that the price of the use of the boats was fixed with reference to any such engagement. Contracts of bailment, when it is sought to enlarge the liability of the bailee, should, says Justice Story, (Story on Bail. § 35,) not be expounded unfavorably to the bailee beyond the obvious scope of the terms of the agreement. According to this rule, a covenant to insure should never be implied; it does not appertain to contracts of bailment, and if superadded it should only be by clear and explicit agreement. It should not be implied from language peculiar to contracts of bailment, which can receive a proper signification as importing a common law obligation, without such implication. This maxim is applicable to such a case: “ Expressio eorum quae tacite insunt nihil operatur.” “ The expression of a clause which the law implies, works nothing.” (Broom’s Legal Maxims, 187.) It seems to me, therefore, that the clause in the agreement relating to the return of the boats, to wit, “ in as good condition as they now are, with the exception of the ordinary use and wear,” being simply what the law would have implied from the nature of the contract, does not increase or vary the common law liability of the defendant. The parties must be presumed to [518] have used the language in the sense of the common law. This is but applying, e converso, the rule of construction that what the law implies from the words."of a written agreement will be regarded as if actually expressed; the mere expression of the implication will therefore add nothing to the force or effect of the instrument. [Oswego General Term, April 3, 1854. Hubbard, Pratt and Bacon, Justices.] Another view of .this case might be taken, to show that the defendant did not intend to become an insurer; it is, that he would not have been liable for a partial loss by inevitable accident, occurring while in the ordinary use of the boats. By parity of reasoning, therefore, he would not be liable if the destruction of the boats was entire. But I will not pursue this point, as we prefer to put our decision of the case on the ground that the defendant did not undertake to become an insurer against the perils of the sea or risks of navigation. The order sustaining the demurrer, and judgment thereon, must be reversed with costs, with leave to the plaintiff to reply.