Fowler v. Depau

By the Court, Mitchell, P. J. Francis Depau in the year 1833 made his will, and died in 1836. He left two sons — 232 — (Francis and Lewis A.) and five daughters. The testator gave to each of the sons an annuity so long as he should remain unmarried. At the date of the will both of the sons were unmarried, but Lewis A. married before the death of the testator, and Francis A. after the testator’s death. The testator gave Ms residuary real and personal estate to Ms five daughters for life, and then over as hereafter mentioned; but provided that if either or both of his sons should many, he or they and Ms or their issue should come in and share in all respects as his daughters and their issue. Both sons did marry. This caused the residuary estate to be divisible into seven instead of five shares. The testator “ authorized and empowered” his executors and the survivor of them to sell his house and lot, 358 Broadway, with the concurrence of his wife, and the rest of his real estate without her concurrence. He also appointed them “ the trustees of his daughters and grandchildren during their respective lives,” but without any express declaration as to what the trusts should be. The sixth clause contains the said devise and bequest of the rest, residue -and remainder of the testator’s real and personal estate. Construing it as admitting the two sons, it gives said estate to the seven children to hold during their respective lives, in equal portions. This gave to each an undivided one-seventh part for life. Then it provides for two contingencies, in the alternative, (one of which must occur,) and makes different dispositions of Ms property accordingly; one in case a child dies leaving issue surviving her; the other in case the child leaves no issue surviving her or Mm. Upon the decease of a child leaving issue surviving, he gives to such issue the principal and the fee of the share in which the parent of such issue had a life estate. TMs was a remainder upon a life estate—a remainder in fee upon a life estate in one undivided seventh part. Hext he provides for another contingency. This issue might die before attaining the age of 21 years. The testator accordingly declares that if the issue of any child should die before attaining the age of 21 years and without leaving issue surviving him, Ms or her — 233 — share should go to his or her surviving brothers and sisters in equal portions, and the issue of such as may be then deceased, per stirpes. This is “ a contingent remainder in fee created on a prior remainder in fee, to take effect in the event that the persons to whom the first remainder is limited shall die under the age of 21 years.” It is thus expressly sanctioned by the 16th section of 1 R. S. 724, which authorizes such a contingent remainder, and makes it an exception to the rule forbidding the suspension of the absolute power of alienation for a longer period than during the continuance of not more- than two lives in being at the creation of the estate. The whole of the provisions of the will in the first alternative contemplated by the testator- are thus seen to be valid. The other provision—made upon another contingency, on the other alternative—-forms no connecting or concatenous part of the first: it does not provide for part of the same chain of events, nor form part of the estates to be created in the succession of events first provided for. It provides for an event contrary to that for which the first provides. The two cannot therefore be united as if forming part of one estate, and thus defeat each other. That second provision is, in case any child of his should die without leaving issue surviving him or her, then neither of the preceding remainders is to arise, for they were to the children or grandchildren of the testator’s child who left issue; this for the testator’s child who should leave no issue. In this last event the remainder in the share allotted to the testator’s daughter, (she dying without issue,) is to form part of the testator’s residuary estate and to belong to the surviving brothers and sisters of such deceased one and their issue, in the manner and proportion herein already specified. This would vest the one-seventh, on the death of the testator’s child, in her brothers and sisters equally for life if they were living, and remainder to their issue in fee, with a contingent remainder over if such issue died under 21 years of age. In this case the power of alienation would be suspended as to one-seventh part during the — 234 — life of the testator’s child; next, (taking the strongest case against the validity of the devise, as is necessary, and supposing, therefore, all the other children of the testator to be then living,) a separate one-sixth part of said one-seventh part would pass to each of the six surviving children of the testator, for life, remainder in fee as to each separate one-forty-second part of the estate, to the issue of the said second taker for life, with a contingent remainder over as to the same one-forty-second part, to the surviving brothers and sisters of any one of the issue dying under 21 years of age. The power of alienation then would be suspended as to each one-forty-second part during the life of the first taker of the one-seventh, and during the life of the next taker for life, and then the remainder would vest in fee in the issue of the second taker for life, with a contingent remainder over in fee to take effect in the event that the persons, to whom the remainder is limited, shall die under 21 years of age. In other words, the power of alienation as to each one forty-second part is suspended only during two lives in being at the creation of the estate, and on the contingency of the first remainderman dying under 21 years of age. ■ This is expressly authorized, as before shown. It may seem an objection, that the first one-seventh is thus divided into six parts, and that a like contingency thus attaches to each one-sixth of that one-seventh ; and it may seem that thus the estate is made to depend on six lives. This can seem so only by not distinguishing between the land and the estate. Each separate one-seventh, immediately on the death of the first taker in the case supposed, becomes divided into six equal parts, a separate one-sixth passing to each of the six individuals, so that no one of the other five has any interest in it. It would be entirely different if the shares were joint, with a joint interest as joint tenants and not as tenants in common. The testator has thus cut up his estate into 42 equal parts, and given six of those equal parts to each child for life, and then, in the event supposed, one of each of the last six equal parts — 235 — iio each of the second takers. This he might have done, and he has done it, in more general language. It is supposed, however, that if one child should die without issue and her estate be divided into six equal part's, and one of her brothers and sisters should afterwards die without issue, not only his one-seventh would fall into the residue and be divided as the share of the previous decedent was, but that also the one-forty-second part of the testator’s estate which the second taker acquired from the previous decedent would pass in the same way. The will does not say sol it had “ allotted” (to use its words in this clause) a life estate to each child in the first part of this clause, and provided for a remainder over, also in the first part of this clause; it is that remainder, which was one-seventh of his estate, and that only, which the testator gives over, not a new remainder in a one-forty-second part to arise out of the contingency provided for in the latter part of this clause. It is the one remainder in the estate allotted to the daughter so dying, and that only, which is to fall into the residue. The language of the will, after providing for the life estate to each daughter with remainder over, is, “should either of my said daughters die without leaving issue at the time of such death, surviving, then the remainder of and in the estate, both real and personal, hereby allotted to such daughter so dying, shall fall into,” &c. The remainder of the estate hereby allotted, means the remainder in that part of the estate which was herein-before allotted to said daughter; and does not include any estate which the daughter might acquire by the prior decease of a sister or brother. Again, successive contingent limitations over of an estate are . not to be implied, without a very clear intent to that effect. Jar-man (see his edition of Powell on Devises, vol. 2, ch. 32) considers that cross remainders may be implied on a devise of an estate in tail, but seems to hold that cross executory limitations are not to be implied in a devise in fee, or a bequest of personal estate. Much less should successive limitations be implied — 236 — when there is no clear direction of the testator to that effect, Even in case of estates tail, cross remainders are implied from a devise over, when such words as these are used, “ in case all the first takers shall die without issue ■” that makes successive estates among the first takers necessary before the devise over shall take effect. Here the devise to the brothers and sisters is complete as to each share, on the death of the one tenant for life of that share without issue, and there is no devise over, in case all the children of the testator die without issue. It has been before observed, that the provision in the latter part of this sixth clause is not in continuation of the events provided.for in the former part of the clause, but on another event and in the alternative, In such case, if the last limitations over be too remote,- it does not affect the other; and the will is valid or not, according as the event shall be.- So here, if the devise on the event of a daughter dying without issue is too remote, it does not affect the devise made on the reverse supposition of a daughter leaving issue at her death. The distinction is seldom adverted to, but is clearly stated, in - reported cases, and in some of the elementary writers on wills. The rule is, that if on a particular contingency the power of alienation is so suspended that it may possibly exceed the limits prescribed by law, the estate granted on that particular contingency is void; but this defect, which would affect the estate only if that contingency had occurred, can have no effect on it if that contingency does not occur; then that unlawful estate is not attempted. Accordingly, the good alternative estate is sustained notwithstanding the defect which would have been in the other, if the course of events had created it, Jarman, in his edition of Powell on Devises, (vol. 2, p. 400, 1,) after speaking of the Unlawful suspension, says: “But care should be taken to distinguish between those cases, and those in which the devise over is limited to arise on an alternative event—one branch of which is within and the other is not within the prescribed limits; so that the devise over will be valid or not, according to the event. As — 237 — in the case of a limitation to A. and his heirs, and if he shall die without leaving any issue at his death, or leaving such, they shall die under 23, then to B. in fee. Here there are two distinct and alternative events, on which the executory devise is to arise, as leaving no issue at his death, and his leaving issue who shall die under 23. If the first event happen, i. e. if A. die without leaving issue at his death, the executory limitation is clearly good, as it would have been tipon a simple dévise over, on this event; but if the second event happen, i. e. if A. leave issue, though they die not only under 23,"hut under 21, (or any other age actually and in event within the prescribed limits,) it would he had.” It is evident that in the latter case the devise over is dependent on the same contingency as the intermediate remote limitation, and it consequently shares the same fate; but in the former it arises on a collateral event; and therefore stands independently of such limitation: or in other words, the one is ulterior, and the other alternative to the prior limitation. See also there quoted the remarks of Lord Alvanley in Crompe v. Barrow, (4 Ves. 681.) Lewis on Perpetuities, p. 170,) thus states both rules: “ A limitation which will not necessarily take effect, if at all, within the time prescribed by the rule against perpetuities, will not he made valid by any events happening subsequently to the time of the creation of the limitation.” And in a note he adds: “ This rule is subject to an exception as to executory limitations to take effect on either of two contingencies, one of which is within and the other without the limits prescribed by the rule against perpetuities; and when, therefore, events must he looked at in order to decide the destination of the property in respect to one or other of the ultimate limitations.” He then refers to ch. 21, (p. 501,) where he states both rules again, and after stating the first, adds: “But there is an exception to this rule, in some degree founded on the rule itself. It is, that where a limitation is made to take effect on two alternative events, one of which is too remote, and the other valid as — 238 — within the prescribed limits3 although the gift is void so fat as it depends upon the remote event, it will be allowed to take effect on the happening of the alternative one.” “ And gifts of this kind, so far differ from all other limitations in the construction to be put upon them in reference to the laws of remoteness, that the validity of them depends entirely on subsequent events; if the event be such as gives operation to the remote contingency, then the limitation is wholly void. If, on the other hand, the actual state of things corresponds to that contemplated by the alternative valid branch of the contingency, the gift takes effect.” (See Law Lib. vol. 52.) The same rule is better and concisely stated in the supplement to the last work. (Law Lib. vol. 66.) He says (p. 169,) as follows: The general doctrine that if a limitation is made dependent on the happening of either of two events, one of which is too remote, but the other is not, it will take effect if the latter event happens, is supported by the case of Minter v. Wraith, (13 Simons, 52. See also other cases quoted.) In Minter v. Wraith, (p. 62,) the race chancellor so decided, and there said: “ It has been decided, (Longhead v. Phelps, 2 W. Bl. 704,) that when there is a limitation to take effect in two events, one of which is too remote, and the other is within the limits and does take effect, the limitation is good.” This was an essential point in the case before the vice chancellor. In Longhead ex dem. Hopkins v. Phelps, (supra,) the counsel for the plaintiff argued that the trusts of a term were void, being on too remote a contingency—the dying of the issue male of the marriage without issue generally. But the court, without hearing counsel for the defendent, were clear that the first part of the contingency was good, viz. “in case John and Mary died without leaving issue male”—and as that happened in fact to be the case, they could not enter into the consideration, how far the other branch of the contingency might have been supported—and ordered judgment for the defendant. The whole sixth clause of the will is therefore valid; and if the latter part of the clause were not so, its- invalidity would — 239 — only affect the share of a child of the testator who should die without leaving any issue, and would not impair any other share, or the devise in the previous part of the 6th clause. The clause of the will appointing the executors trustees is in these words : “ I hereby constitute and appoint (them) the trustees of my daughters and grandchildren during their respective lives.” If'this be not a trust to receive the rents and apply them to the use of the daughters and grandchildren respectively for life, it would be merely inoperative as to the real estate, and would leave the legal estate in the children and grandchildren, under § 49 of 1 R. S. 728. So I am inclined to regard this clause. It does not profess to give the estate itself to- the trustees: it appoints them trustees, not of the estates of the children, &c. but trustees of the children themselves; intending to make them curators or guardians over, rather than possessors of, the estate; but this intention is frustrated by the above section 49. As to the power to sell the real estate. The will merely “authorizes and empowers the executors” to sell the real estate. It does not direct or order them to do so; nor does it authorize the sale for any purpose of distribution, or to carry out any trust. It gives a mere power, to be exercised only if found convenient. It is not imperative, and is not a power in trust; the beneficiaries are the same, whether the estate remains real or be converted into personal: no beneficiary can compel a sale against the judgment or will of the executors. To cause a conversion from real to personal, the will should decisively and definitively fix upon the land the quality of money, as Lord Rosslyn said in the converse case as to the conversion of money into land. (Walker v. Denne, 2 Ves. jun. 184.) If these conclusions be correct, some slight alterations should be made in the judgment below. It should be corrected, where it states that the whole estate of the testator is to be deemed personal estate from the death of the testator, and where it requires the executors to sell the real estate — 240 — and to hold the proceeds in trust; and also in that part which declares the provision in the will on the event of a child dying without issue to be void. That part also which directs a distribution of the estate after the conversion of the real into personal should be so corrected as to direct a division and partition of the personal and real, with power to the executors to sell the real estate, and the executors should make the partition and division instead of a referee, (unless they be interested,) although this last might not be material. In other respects (and those are the most material) the judgment below should be affirmed, with costs. [New York General Term, December 23, 1857. Mitchell, Mamies and Olerke, Justices.]