Munro v. Merchant

By the Court, C. L. Allen, P. J. The first, and perhaps the most important, question which arises in this case is, whether there was sufficient evidence of the appointment of the commissioners to make partition. The 7th section of the colonial act, passed 8th January, 1762, provides “ that any one or more of the proprietors of tracts or parcels of tracts still undivided, inclined to have partition thereof, may subscribe a writing, and publish the same in any two of the public newspapers of the colony twelve weeks successively, directed in general to all persons interested in such tract or parcel of land; specifying the bounds thereof and giving notice that three commissioners not interested in such tract or parcel, naming them and their places of abode, are appointed to make such partition, and that they will meet at a certain day and place to be also mentioned, and to be within 10 days after the said 12 weeks are expired, to proceed to the partition of the said lands, and requiring all persons interested therein to attend then and there for that purpose, either by themselves or their attorneys.” The section further provides, that if no objection be offered to the commissioners, in writing, in the manner and at the time therein required, that the persons so named shall thenceforth be the commissioners for executing the powers given to such commissioners by the act. Subsequent sections regulate the manner in which the commissioners shall be qualified and discharge their duties, and section eleven enacts, that of all surveys and allotments made, two true field books and maps, specifying the bounds of every lot,, shall .be made, and the several lots laid down and numbered on the said map, and then signed by the commissioners and1 their surveyor. The section then proceeds to declare how and! in what manner the lots shall be balloted for. “ Of which balloting and all the proceedings in such partition the said commissioners shall make a full and fair entry and minute in a book; one copy whereof, certified under their hands, or the hands of the majority of them, and under the hand of the judge or counsellor present, shall be filed in the said secreta — 393 — ry’s office; and another certified in like manner, in the clerk’s office of that county where the greatest part of the lands lay; which same boolcs, or an exemplification under the great seal of the colony, shall be good evidence of such partition, and which partition shall be as valid and effectual, in the law, to divide and separate the said lands, as if the same had been made between the patentees, on writs of partition, according to the course of the common law.” It was incumbent upon the plaintiff, under this act, to prove the regular appointment of the three commissioners, in pursuance of its provisions. The plaintiff introduced in evidence the original Kayaderosseras patent from Queen Anne to Bip Yan Dam, and 12 associates named therein, dated 2d of November, 1708; next the field book of the patent, and the field book of the partition and the original map of the patent. These books were taken from the Saratoga county clerk’s office, and bore an indorsement as follows: “ Filed 4th day of March, 1771, in the clerk’s office of the county of Albany.” The proceedings of the commissioners of partition were read in evidence. These proceedings recited, among other things, that Christopher Yates and John Grlen, both of Schenectady, in the county of Albany, and Thomas Palmer, of the precinct of New Cornwall, in Orange county, were appointed commissioners, by virtue of the act of 8th of January, 1762, “by a writing of the purport directed in and by the said act, and subscribed by William Smith, jr., Benjamin Kissam and Peter Bemsen, (styling themselves in the same, three of the proprietors of the said tract of land,) and which has been, according to the directions of the said act, published, &c.” The proceedings subsequently also recited that the notice was directed to all persons interested in the lands mentioned in the patent, and what purported to be the substance of the notice, complying substantially with the requisitions of the act, and which was subscribed by the three persons claiming to be proprietors. The proceedings further contained the subsequent acts of the commissioners, all substantially in compliance with — 394 — the act, and hy which it appeared that on the ballotings lot Ho. 2 was drawn to Eip Van Dam. This was all the evidence introduced or offered in proof of the appointment of the commissioners, and it is insisted on the part of the defendant that these recitals in the books of partition are not proof of their appointment.. It was not necessary that the appointment should have been hy a court, or other authority than the 7th section required. By that section such appointment was to he made hy one or more of the “ proprietors ” of tracts or parcels of the lands undivided, and who were inclined to have partition thereof) in writing, subscribed hy him or them, and published in the papers and in the manner required therein. This was requisite in order to confer any power upon them whatever. It was a jurisdictional fact, necessary to create and give them any legal existence or authority to make partition. A recital therefore of this vital jurisdictional fact, would not be any evidence of their appointment, unless it was expressly made so hy the act providing for it. Facts in a recital, so far as they are material to give jurisdiction, “ must he proved in the ordinary way, without such legislative provision, as the common law knows nothing of that mode of proof.” In Bennett v. Burch, (1 Denio, 147,) it was held that an order of the superintendent of common schools reciting matter material to give him jurisdiction to make it, does not prove it. In Bouchaud v. Dias, (3 Denio, 238,) a release recited that the defendant presented his petition to the secretary to be released. The court said “recitals do not prove jurisdictional facts, (citing Cowen & Hill’s Notes to Phil. Ev. 1014 to 1016,) that if the rule were otherwise, inferior courts and magistrates might require jurisdiction by merely affirming the existence of the facts on which jurisdiction depends. An insolvent’s discharge is evidence of facts contained in it, because the legislature has so provided in express terms. (11 John. 224. 12 Wend. 102.”) In Jackson v. Shepard, (7 Cowen, 88,) it was held that recitals in a collector’s deed of land sold for — 395 — taxes, were insufficient to prove the power to sell. In Wood v. Chapin, (3 Kern. 509, 515,) the plaintiff claimed to have acquired title by means of a proceeding under the statute respecting non-resident debtors, and the regularity of the proceeding was questioned. The act (1 R. S. 41, § 6) declares that the appointment of trustees shall be conclusive evidence that the debtor therein named was a concealed, absconding, or non-resident debtor, and that the said appointment, and all the proceedings primary thereto, were regular. The court said it had been held that this language must be qualified by a condition that the case is one in which the officer had acquired jurisdiction; (see Van Alstyne v. Erwine, 1 Kern. 331;) that after jurisdiction was shown, the appointment of trustees was incontrovertible evidence that all the other proceedings were in accordance with the statute. In Hand v. Ballou, (2 Kern. 541,) the court held that a comptroEer’s deed on a sale of land for taxes, was presumptive evidence that the proceedings required by law to authorize the sale and conveyance were had, because the Laws of 1850, (ch. 183,) made it such evidence. Before that it was regarded as insufficient. In the present case, none but “proprietors ” were authorized to make the appointment of commissioners, and that by the subscription of a particular notice in writing. The question naturally arises,, who were proprietors, within the meaning and intention of the act ? Was it some one or more of the original patentees ?* or did it authorize one or more grantees immediately, or more remotely, from them, or some of them, of their undivided shares, to appoint commissioners ? If the term is to be confined to the patentees, then clearly the commissioners in this case were entirely without jurisdiction, as no one of the persons named in the patent “ subscribed the notice in writing.” But suppose the term might be extended to subsequent grantees; what evidence had the commissioners, or what proof is contained in their recitals, that the persons making the appointment were “proprietors ?” It may be asked, with much force, as it was upon the argument, who — 396 — Were Wm. Smith, jun., Benjamin Kissam and Peter Eemsen ? The commissioners answer, in their proceedings, that they “styled ” themselves in their notice “three of the proprietors of the said tract of land ” But where is the evidence that they were such proprietors ? Whose rights had they acquired, and to what extent was their interest P The proceedings are wholly silent in answering, although the commissioners, when they came to ballot, drew ballots for the whole of the original patentees, without regard to assignees, as perhaps they were required to do, by the llth section, yet they make no allusion whatever to the three persons appointing them, or either one of them. It appears to me that there is a fatal defect in the proof of the appointment of the commissioners, and that the evidence failed to establish the partition through which the plaintiff claims to make title to the whole of the premises in question. It was contended, on the argument, that the llth section of the act of 1762 made the proceedings, when entered in the books required, evidence of all the facts recited therein.' That section made “the balloting and all the proceedings” in partition, good evidence of such partition. But ii did not make the recital of their appointment good evidence; that was a • matter left by the act to be otherwise proved, by those claiming title under their proceedings. Their recital, at most, was a mere affirmance of the existence of the facts on which their jurisdiction depended—a mere simpíe declaration of their own title. But it was scarcely that, as it did not show how or under what title the persons appointing them claimed to be proprietors. It was a mere naked assertion, which any other three individuals might have made, and equally have conferred jurisdiction upon the commissioners. It was also said, on the argument, that the defendant claimed under the same title adversely to the plaintiff’s claim. It is sufficient to remark, in answer to this position, that the plaintiff must recover Upon the strength of his own title, and that until he has established that title he cannot call upon his ad — 397 — Versary to defend. Besides, there is a difference between a valid title, under which a plaintiff entitles himself to recover, and a colorable title, under which a defendant enters, and upon which he grounds a defense of adverse possession under the statute. I think the plaintiff failed to prove the partition, and that therefore, as to the 12-13ths of the premises in question, he was not entitled to recover. This view renders it unnecessary to consider the remaining objections to the proof of the partition, and disposes of the greater part of the plaintiff's claim, so far as the present action is concerned. It is necessary, however, to proceed to an examination of the other questions arising, in order to ascertain whether the plaintiff is entitled or not, to recover possession of the one undivided thirteenth part of the premises in question. The plaintiff claimed title under the will of Rip Van Dam, which devised his real estate to his executors, with power to sell and convey. The clause in the will conferring this power, authorized and required his executors, Isaac Van Dam, Robert Livingston and Thomas Moone, or the survivors or survivor of them, or the major part of them, to grant, bargain, sell and convey, all his real estate, with one or two exceptions, not affecting the present question. A single surviving executor, under this power, could sell and convey. And the plaintiff, in order to prove the death of Isaac Van Dam and Thomas Moone, two of the executors, introduced and read in evidence exemplified copies of their respective wills, one dated 10th Nov. 1749, and proved 7th May, 1750, and the other dated 1st August, 1756, and proved 16th September, 1756, and letters of administration granted to the respective executors. The counsel for the defendant objected to this evidence as insufficient to prove the death of the testator, but the court overruled the objection, and the defendant's counsel excepted. Those records were prima facie evidence of the deaths of the co-executors of Livingston, as the following authorities, I think, fully show. (1 Greenl. Ev. § 550, and cases cited in — 398 — note. 2 id. § 339, 2d ed. Russell v. Schuyler, 22 Wend, 277. McNair v. Ragland, 1 Denio, 553.) The deed from Robert Livingston, jr. as surviving executor of Rip Van Dam, to Low, Walton and Van Dam, was therefore properly read in evidence. The plaintiff then introduced and read in evidence, an exemplified copy of the record of a deed from Low, Walton and Van Dam, conveying the premises in question to Hugh Munro, dated 30th August, 1774, and the depositions of Hugh Munro and Grace Munro, showing that the grantee in the last deed was the father of the witness, Hugh Munro, and that he, the witness, was the sole surviving child and heir at law of his father, who' died intestate, in Canada, where the witness resided and still resides. That the plaintiff is the son of these witnesses, and was born about the year 1804 or 1805, near Ballston Spa, in this state. That the plaintiff’s father, at the time of his birth, resided in Canada, where he now lives. That his mother went there to be confined, and remained there about a year after the birth of the plaintiff, and then returned with him to his father’s residence in Canada, where, and in other places in Canada, he lived until about five years ago, when he went to Rochester in this state, where he now resides. The father and mother of the witness Hugh were both born in Scotland. The plaintiff then proved the recovery of a judgment in favor of Peter Gansevoort against Hugh Munro, the witness, and an execution issued thereon. Also, the recovery of another judgment against the same Hugh Munro in favor of the plaintiff. And it was admitted by the defendant’s counsel, that all the right and interest of the said Hugh Munro, in and to said lot Ho. 2, was sold on the 18th day of December, 1852, under the judgment and execution in favor of Gansevoort, and duly redeemed on the 9th day of March, 1854, by the plaintiff, under his judgment. The defendant’s counsel then objected that the title of the plaintiff was inoperative by reason of the alienage of the par — 399 — ties through whom he claims. It was conceded by the counsel for the plaintiff, on the argument, that the two Hugh Munros were both aliens. But it was insisted that the war did not affect the rights of property of the elder Munro, inasmuch as the change of the government did not, of itself, work a forfeiture of his previously vested right. (Orser v. Hoag, 3 Hill, 79.) That no forfeiture by government having been shown, his property, at his death, descended to his heirs capable of inheriting. That although, upon common law principles, the younger Munro being an alien, would not have succeeded to the lands of his father, upon the decease of the latter, yet that the 9th article of the treaty of 1794 interposes a bar to the operation of the common law rule. The 9th article is as follows ; “It is agreed that British subjects, who now hold lands in the territories of the United States, and American citizens, who now hold lands in the dominions of his majesty, shall continue to hold them according to the nature and tenor of their respective estates and titles therein, and may grant, sell or devise the same to whom they please, in like manner as if they were natives; and that neither they, nor their heirs or assigns, shall, so far as may respect the said lands, and the legal remedies incident thereto, be regarded as aliens." Hugh Munro, the elder, died in 1802, having received a conveyance of the premises in August, 1774; consequently his title existed at the date of the treaty, and he being then alive, he and his heirs are entitled to be protected under that treaty, notwithstanding they had no possession under their title. Such have been the decisions both in the supreme court of the United States and in this state. (Hughes v. Edwards, 9 Wheat. 689. Shanks v. Dupret, 3 Pet. 262. 1 Wheat. 200. 4 id. 453. 7 id. 535. Orser v. Hoag, 3 Hill, 79. Duke of Cumberland v. Graves, 3 Seld. 305.) The defendant’s counsel contends that the construction of the treaty of 1794 is not controlled by this latter case. It is true, that the questions there arose under the statute of 1798. That — 400 — statute provided for conveyances thereafter to be made to an alien, and made it lawful for him to hold the same, to his heirs and assigns forever. The same objection was taken there as here. The court said the statute must be understood as bestowing upon the land the quality of being inheritable by aliens, until by inheritance or grant the title should come to a citizen; especially as the act provided that it should not he lawful for the heirs or assigns of any such alien to recover any rent or service whatsoever to be made of any such lands, &c. The words in the treaty are, “ that neither they, nor their heirs or assigns shall, so far as may respect the said lands, and the legal remedies incident thereto, he regarded as aliens.” I think the case has a very strong bearing on the present, and confirms the decisions previously made. It is further contended, on the part of the defendant, that the plaintiff himself is an alien. He was born in Ballston Spa, in this state, while his father was a resident of Canada, and returned to his father’s domicil, with his mother, within a year after his birth. His mother was temporarily there—■ without any actual change of residence, either on her part or that of his father. It is argued that, at common law, a natural born subject was one whose birth was within th,e allegiance of the king. (Bac. Ab. tit. Alien, A. Com. Dig. A. and B. 7 to 18. Bl. Com: 336, 74.) The cases of children of ambassadors, born abroad, and of children born on English seas were considered exceptions. Chancellor Kent, in his commentaries, defines a native born citizen to be • a person born within, and an alien one bom out of, the jurisdiction of the United States. (2 Kent’s Com. 37—50.) In Lynch v. Clarke, (1 Sand. Ch. R. 583,) the question was precisely as here, whether a child born in the city of Hew York of alien parents, during their temporary sojourn there, was a native born citizen or an alien; and the conclusion was, that being horn within the dominion and allegiance of the United States, he was a native born citizen, whatever was the situation of the parents at the time of the hirth. That case, .if — 401 — law, would seem to be decisive of the present question, But, admitting the plaintiff to be an alien, the cases already cited show that the terms “heirs or assigns,” in the 9th article of the treaty, is not to be confined to the immediate descendants, but is to be extended indefinitely till the title comes to a citizen. But further, the plaintiff is an assignee of the first alien heir. His title accrued upon a redemption by him as judgment creditor of Hugh Munro, 2d. and by this redemption he acquired the rights of the judgment debtor directly. The title remained in the debtor, notwithstanding the sheriff's sale, until the expiration of the time for redemption, and till the execution of the sheriff’s deed, which transferred the title of the debtor to the grantee. (Evertson v. Sawyer, 2 Wend. 507. Catlin v. Jackson, 8 John. 520. Rich v. Baker, 3 Denio, 79.) It may be added, on this point, that the plaintiff, even if not protected by the treaty of 1794, would be entitled to recover as a purchaser, and that his title would be good till office found. (The People v. Conklin, 2 Hill, 67. Fairfax’s dev. v. Hunter’s lessee, 7 Crunch, 649.) The result of my conclusion therefore is, that the plaintiff is entitled to recover one undivided 13th part of the premises described in the complaint, unless defeated by the defense sought to be interposed. I. The defendant claims that he has established a perfect title by adverse possession. The deed from Gerard Walton, as attorney for Anthony Van Dam, to Peter Gansevoort, jr., was dated in June, 1797. The grantee entered into possession under that deed, at all events of a portion of the premises conveyed, shortly after the deed and the same year of its date. The tract conveyed and claimed by Gansevoort consisted of about 1500 acres. Whether the deed was sufficiently proven or not is unimportant for the purposes of this question. It was an entry under color of title. It was a written instrument, purporting to convey the title, and sufficient within the statute on which to found and construct an adverse possession. — 402 — Neither is it important whether G. entered into possession in good faith believing he had a good title, or not. Since the decision of the court in the case of Humbert v. Trinity Church, (24 Wend. 587,) the former cases of Jackson v. Hill, (5 Wend. 532,) and Livingston v. Peru Iron Co., (9 Wend. 511,) which required that ingredient, have been overruled. The section of the statute defining the nature of the occupancy which must accompany the color of title is as follows : “ For the purpose of constituting an adverse possession, by any person claiming a title founded upon a written instrument or a judgment or decree, land shall be deemed to have been possessed and occupied in the following cases: 1. Where it has usually been cultivated or improved; 2. Where it has been protected by a substantial enclosure; 3. Where, although not enclosed, it has been used for the supply of fuel, or fencing timber for'the purposes of husbandry, or the ordinary use of the occupant; and 4. Where a known farm or a single lot has been partly improved, the portion of such farm or lot that may have been left not cleared, or not enclosed, according to the usual course and custom of the adjoining country, shall be deemed to have been occupied for the same length of time as the part improved or cultivated.” (2 R. S. 222, §10. Id. 4th ed. 495, § 83.) It is not pretended that the evidence brings this case within either of the first two subdivisions of this section, but the defendants counsel insists that it falls within the 3d subdivision in two of its aspects; first, that the land has been used for the supply of fuel, and for the ordinary use of the occupants. The evidence, in brief, on this branch is that the tract was known as the Gansevoort farm as early as 1800. It embraced a large quantity of timber lands, and lumber was cut, indiscriminately, on all parts of it for years, down to 1820, when the lumbering business ceased. Up to this time about 300 acres of the tract had been cleared, more than half of which lay north of the premises .in question. From 1820 to 1846 about 100 acres more were cleared, and about one-third of the whole clearing was on lot No. 2, and the balance north — 403 — of it. Peter Gansevooi't, jr. lived in Albany during all this time. In 1801, however, H. Gansevoort took charge of the premises as agentfor his father, andso continued till 1812, when he and his brother took a lease of the premises. Mo portion of the lot has been designated as a wood or fencing timber lot by the Gansevoorts, and no part except the cleared portions has been fenced. The Gansevoorts have paid the taxes on the whole tract, and two witnesses testified, in relation to two other adjacent tracts, that it Was not the custom to enclose timber lands by a fence. Firewood was cut by some of the tenants, and by H. Gansevoort to send to his mother, indiscriminately on the tract, but mostly from the part" near the river, to which it could be easily transported and rafted. The question is has the land been Used, not for the stipply of fuel and fencing timber merely, but for the purposes of husbandry or the ordinary Use of the occupant. This was Undoubtedly tho intention of the legislature. The revisers reported the section originally as follows: “Where, although not enclosed it has been used for the supply of fuel or fencing timber, for the purposes of a farm of which it forms a part.” If it had been adopted in this form, there Would have been but two cases, with the single limitation in both, of a Use for the purposes of a farm. The legislature, however, struck out the single and in-sorted the double limitation, as it appears in the subdivision enacted, In the case of The People v. Livingston, (8 Barb. 255, 63,) the court said that “ in a case where a constructive adverse possession may be shown, although it may appear that the defendant, or those under whom he claims, entered into the possession of a great lot containing a large number of acres, under claim of title founded upon a Written instrument, and that there has been a continued occupation and possession of parts of such tract, it being divided into lots, and the lot in suit riot having been usually cultivated or improved, or protected by a substantial enclosure, or used for the supply of fuel or fencing timber for the purposes of husbandry, or the ordinary use of the defendant, or those under whom he — 404 — claims, or any of his tenants, not being a portion of a known farm or single lot, partly improved, that has been left not cleared, or not enclosed according to the usual course and custom of the adjoining country, the possession of some of the lots in the tract claimed' is not constructively to be deemed a possession of the lot or tract in suit.” That case in many of its features resembles the present, and I think the decision there, is authority upon the question here. Have the premises in question been used for the supply of fencing or fuel timber, as defined in that case ? It appears to me that the only answer to this question is in the negative. There is no proof that any fuel or fencing timber was ever taken from them. Are they embraced within the limits of the fourth subdivision ? Did the whole 1500 acres constitute a known farm, or single lot, partly improved, the portion of which left not cleared or hot enclosed, being according to the usual course and custom of the adjoining country? The revisers, in their notes on this subdivision, remark, that “ instead of an arbitrary rule, which the cunning might evade, and to which false witnesses might adapt their testimony,” it presents the principle which governs in commercial and various other cases, of appealing to the common usage or custom. (3 R. S. 700, 2d ed.) In Simpson v. Downing, (23 Wend. 316, 322,) the court say, “ that the ideal possession cannot be extended by a written instrument, beyond the size of the farm or lot partly occupied. The size must accord with the usage of the adjoining country. The usage or custom here spoken of is a particular one concerning the size of partly improved farms, and the quantity therein of lands not cleared or enclosed, not the custom proved as to two or three farms, of not inclosing timber lands. And see Lane v. Gould, (10 Barb. 254;) Jackson v. Oltz, (8 Wend. 441;) Sharp v. Brandow, (15 Wend. 597.) In the last case, Justice Nelson said, “if a party claims more than he has under actual improvement, by constructive possession, under claim of paper title, his claim cannot extend beyond a single lot.” Such a pos — 405 — session of part, claiming title to the whole, and with the usual acts of ownership over the unimproved part, as in the case of a farm occupied for agricultural purposes, is deemed sufficient; citing 1 Cowen, 276, 8 Wend. 460, 7 id. 62. In that case the entry was under color and claim of paper title to an undivided sixth part of the lot, yet the judge remarked, “ as the lot contained 1500 acres, it is clear it could not extend beyond the actual improvements.” The defendant introduced, and read in evidence, a certified copy of the registry of a mortgage from Hugh Munro to Jacob Walton, Isaac Low and Anthony Van Dam. Also, the original book of registry of mortgages of indentures, from 1772 to Dec. 11, 1782, from which it appeared that all the mortgages registered therein were registered in the same manner and form as the one in question. Also a book of registry of mortgages from the Saratoga county clerk’s office, from the year 1791 to 1805, the mortgages in which were all registered in the same form. The question is, whether this was sufficient proof of the mortgage. The colonial acts referred to by the defendant’s counsel, do not provide that the registry of mortgages merely, such as was proved here, shall be sufficient evidence of their execution. The act of 12th Dec. 1753, (3 R. S. App. 10,) provides for the registering of all mortgages, but does not declare that such registry shall be evidence, while the acts of 16th February, 1771, and 8th March, 1773, (3 R. S. App. 22, 23,) do declare that the records of deeds, &c. may be read in evidence. Public records and official registers are evidence only of such facts as are required to be recorded in them, or which occurred in presence of the recording officers. (1 Greenl. Ev. § 493. 10 Paige, 366. 7 Wend. 377. 4 Car. & Payne, 29. 3 Stark. 63. 19 Abr. 430.) The registry purports to be a mere abstract of the mortgage, but does not profess to be a copy of it. There is no evidence of its execution by the mortgagor, except the memorandum; or that it was ever proved or acknowledged. The act of 1753 can only be regarded then, as it has ever been, a mere statute of no — 406 — tice. (6 Barb. 60.) In Den v. Gustis, (7 Halst. 42,) a book of registry of mortgages, under an act of Hew Jersey, substantially like the colonial act of 1759, was offered as evidence of the mortgage, and the court rejected it, on the ground that there was no provision in it making the registry evidence; and the distinction was taken between that act and another of the same state, relative to deeds, similar to the colonial act of 1710, regulating the recording of deeds. (See Frear v. Eagle Fire Ins. Co. (Anth. N. P. 173.) This view disposes of the mortgage. But even if it were to be admitted as proven, it may well be doubted whether the defendant, or any one since the mortgagee, has been shown to have any interest in it. In Jackson v. Bunson, (19 John. 325,) the action was ejectment by mortgagor against the grantee of the mortgagee, and the court sustained the action, remarking that it had long been well settled that the mortgagee had a mere chattel interest, and the mortgagor was considered the proprietor of the freehold. This doctrine has been followed in several subsequent cases. (6 Cowen 147. 11 New Hamp. R. 274. Ellison v. Davis. Wilson v. Troup, 2 Cow. 195, 230.) Besides, is not the mortgage to be presumed satisfied, after such a lapse of time; the defendants showing no connection with it ? (Belmont v. O’Brien, 2 Kern. 398.) If, however, the mortgage was considered as fully proved, and the defendant’s possession under it, the question which next arises is, whether the mortgagee, having possession of the land after forfeiture, is entitled to retain his possession until his debt is paid. There are a number of cases which hold this doctrine. (10 John. 480. Jackson v. Bowen, 7 Cowen, 13. The Same v. Myers, 11 Wend. 533. Van Duyne v. Thayre, 14 id. 233. Waring v. Smyth, 2 Barb. Ch. R. 119, St. John v. Bumpstead, 17 Barb. 100. Phyfe v. Riley, 15 Wend. 248.) In the last case the court remark expressly that the revised statutes have not altered the law in this respect. Chancellor Walworth remarked, in Waring v. Smyth, that the only right the mortgagee has in the land since the revised statutes, — 407 — is to take possession thereof, with the assent of the mortgagor, after the debt has become due and payable, and to retain such possession till the debt is paid. Here was a possession after the forfeiture of the mortgage, a sufficient length of time to bar an entry, and if the mortgage were fully proved, the possession would perhaps be presumed to have been under legal proceedings, or with the assent of the mortgagor. (Jackson v. Warford, 7 Wend. 62. Hoyt v. Carter, 16 Barb. 212, 230.) On the point of adverse possession, I think there was no question of fact to be submitted to the jury. It has already been shown what" constitutes a constructive adverse possession, where an entry is made upon a part of the land under color of title. ’In this case, whether the defendant had proved enough to constitute such adverse possession, was a question not for the jury. There was no dispute about the facts: they were all admitted; and the question therefore upon these facts was one of law, for the court to determine, whether such possession came within the statute or not. (Bowie v. Brahe, 3 Duer, 35, 44. Clapp v. Bromagham, 9 Cowen, 530.) As to the other point taken by the defendant’s counsel, that the case should have been submitted to the jury upon the presumption of a conveyance, I am of opinion that it is not well taken. The cases of Schauber v. Johnson, (2 Wend. 12,) and of Briggs v. Prosser, (14 id. 227,) do not support the position of the defendant’s counsel. In the former case Chancellor Walworth remarked that there were two classes of presumptions. The first was that of equitable owners, and the other was “ in favor of a person who is in possession of property or in the enjoyment of some privilege or easement under claim of right, in which case, under certain circumstances, and after a great lapse of time, a conveyance of the land or grant of the privilege or easement will be presumed, on the principle of quieting possession.” What are the “ certain circumstances” to -which the learned jurist refers ? Clearly those which had been referred to and commented upon in previous — 408 — cases relating to the doctrine. The larger part of these cases are those in which the party seeking the benefit of the presumption, was shown to be the owner of the land, but lacked some formal conveyance, such as in the latter case of Briggs v. Prosser, cited by the counsel, -where the party having been in possession under a contract, for a period of 25 years, a conveyance was presumed; and also cases of mortgagor and mortgagee, after payment of the mortgage debt; and where parties are the equitable owners and lack some formal ingredient of title.. Such£< circumstances,” accompanied with possession, demand a presumption. (1 Cowen & Hill, 355-371. 8 East, 263. 1 Cai. 83. 7 T. R. 5. 7 Cowen, 431. 4 Wend. 543. 2 Denio, 61.) [Montgomery General Term, January 5, 1858. Presumption of conveyance also arises where a party makes out a chain of title with the exception of one or more links, which he asks to supply by proof of some “ circumstances” of knowledge, or admissions or acts of acquiescence on the part of his adversary, making it probable that his chain of title is perfect, although he is not able to supply every link. (3 John. Cas. 109. 7 Wend. 62. 2 Caines, 607. 5 Cowen, 130. 6 id’. 706. 2 Wend. 13, 357. ££ Length of time,” say the court in Goodtitle v. Dulce of Chandos, (2 P. Wms. 1065,) “ is nothing. The presumption must arise from some facts or circumstances arising within that time.” Apply the rules and limitations presented in the foregoing cases and many others which might be cited, and this case will be found entirely destitute of all the “ facts and circumstances” required—and will present no questions for the jury to pass upon. It is purely a question of constructive adverse possession founded upon an instrument in writing, and an actual possession of a small portion of the land conveyed. It follows from these views that the plaintiff is entitled to recover one undivided thirteenth share of the premises in question; and for that I think judgment must be entered. Ordered accordingly. C. L. Allen, Podge and James, Justices.]