Post v. Hover

By the Court, Hogeboom, J. The will in question is not altogether unambiguous in its terms. It becomes therefore important to determine the intent of the testator, before we attempt to settle the other question, whether this intent, as expressed in the will, is consistent with the rules of law. The clause of the will more particularly in controversy devises a part of the homestead farm to his three grandchildren, Erastus, Mary Elizabeth and John Hover, share and share alike, but subject to the payment of debts and legacies and to the conditions thereinafter stated. These conditions are, that they being minors, are not to talce said estate until they severally arrive at the age of twenty-one years; with a further provision that in case of the death of either before that age and without issue, the survivors or survivor shall take such share ; and in case of the death of all under age and without issue, it shall go to the testator’s son John, his heirs and assigns for ever. One of the principal questions discussed in the case was whether this devise conferred upon the grandchildren a present and vested interest, or only a future and contingent one, depending upon their attaining the age of twenty-one. But for a single expression there would seem to be no doubt — 319 — that the testator intended to vest in them a present estate in fee, determinable upon their death during their minority without issue. The expression which raises a doubt in my mind, upon this subject, is, that they are not to take the estate until they severally attain full age. I was strongly impressed on the argument with the idea, and am still inclined to think, that this clause means merely that they should not take said estate in possession until the time before mentioned. For although the language is absolute and unqualified, that they shall not take the estate, it is susceptible of being referred to the question o£possession as well as of interest, without doing violence to the terms of the will; and looking at the whole will, this seems most consonant to the testator’s intentions. His object was to give them the property—except in the contingency before mentioned—and to provide for their support and that of their mother during the period that their tender age and inexperience should disqualify them for taking charge of the property. During this period the revenues of the estate are directed to be applied and husbanded for this object, and the surplus, if any, is to he invested for their benefit. Again, in a subsequent part of the will, the time of their taking possession of the estate is postponed until the youngest grandchild attains the age of twenty-one years; the time of their taking the estate having been fixed by the previous clause, at the period when they should severally attain the age of twenty-one years. As the will therefore admits of this construction without violence to its language, and such construction harmonizes best with the intention of the testator, so far as it can he collected from other parts of the will, I conclude that according to the terms of this clause of the will the estate vested in the grandchildren immediately upon the death of the testator, subject to he divested or determined by their death under age and without issue. But there is another clause of the will which demands particular notice. The testator directs that during the minority pf the grandchildren, his son John shall take charge of — 320 — and have the management of the said estate, and out of the avails shall support the grandchildren and their mother; and he appoints his son John their guardian, and as such guardian he is to have charge of their estate. Out of the surplus of the avails of the estate over and above such support, (if any,) John is directed to pay the debts and legacies charged thereon, and after doing so to invest at interest any surplus that may remain, for the use and benefit of the grandchildren, to be paid over to them when they shall severally arrive to the full age of twenty-one years. He is not to be made liable or accountable for losses in the management of the estate, unless for gross neglect, provided he does the best he can, which is left wholly to his sole judgment. These provisions do not contain any express and specific devise of the estate. They may possibly be executed by persons charged with a mere power or authority over the estate, but they are more consistent with those large and discretionary powers conferred upon trustees, and strongly partake of the qualities and characteristics usually vested in functionaries of that description. Besides, in order to execute the authority conferred by the will, it is essential that John should have the possession of the lands, and the control of and the title to the rents and profits of the estate. And by statute, every such person shall be deemed to have a legal estate in the lands. (1R. S. 727, § 47.) And powers very similar to, if not absolutely identical with those contained in this instrument, have been held to create a trust and to vest a legal title in the trustees by implication, to enable the trustees to collect .and receive the rents and profits and income of the property, apply them to the purposes of the trust, and accumulate the surplus, as directed by the will. (Bradley v. Amidon, 10 Paige, 241, 2. Leggett v. Perkins, 2 Comst. 305. Brewster v. Striker, Id. 30 to 36. Leggett v. Hunter, 19 N. Y. Rep. 445.) There was, therefore, a trust created by the terms of the will, in the testator’s son John, and be must be held to have been intended — 321 — to be vested, as trustee, with the legal estate. And it was to continue during the minorities of the children. The terms of the devise, therefore, as expressed in the will, appear to be as follows: 1. A devise of the real estate to the three grandchildren in fee, to take effect in possession, on their arriving at the age of twenty-one years. 2. In case they die before twenty-one, and without issue, a devise over to the survivor, and if they all die, to John, (the testator’s son,) in fee. 3. A devise of the fee in trust, byimplication of law, to John, during the Minorities of the grandchildren, and until the youngest grandchild shall arrive at the age of twenty-one years. Let us now see how far these provisions are consistent with the rules of law. But for the restrictive clause in the will, that the infant devisees should not take the estate until they came of age, and the trust estate created by the will durmg the intervening period, the devise to them would take effect immediately, and would vest in them a determinable fee. (Maurice v. Graham, 8 Paige, 483. Pond v. Bergh, 10 id. 140. Hunter v. Hunter, 17 Barb. 29. Christie v. Phyfe, 19 N. Y. Rep. 344.) But, as before stated, the clause in question postpones the vesting of the estate in possession until the devisees reach their majority. And another clause vests the estate, in the mean time, in John Hover, the son of the testator, as trustee. This estate is inalienable. Its alienation would be in contravention of the trust, and is forbidden by statute. (1 R. S. 730, § 84, [65].) The interest of the beneficiaries in the rents and profits is equally inalienable. (§ 82, [63].) _ There being, then, no persons in being by whom an absolute fee in possession can be conveyed, there is a suspense of the power of alienation, according to the statutory definition. (1 R. S. 723, § 14.) This suspense necessarily continues for the minorities of the three grandchildren. The trust continues for that length of time; at least, such is my understanding of the terms of the will. It is therefore — 322 — void. (Amory v. Lord, 5 Selden, 416. Hawley v. James, 16 Wend. 61, 71, 171, 210, 225. Lang v. Ropke, 5 Sandf. S. C. Rep. 363.) This trust is not saved as a valid trust, as the defendants’ counsel suppose, by the provisions of section 55 of 1 Revised Statutes, 728. That shows the trust to belong to a valid class, but nevertheless requires it not to violate the law against perpetuities. As this has been shown to violate that law, it must fall. The remaining question is, mush the whole devise fail, including the illegal trust, as being, so closely interwoven that they cannot be separated without doing violence to the testator’s intentions; or may the principal devise to the grandchildren, and in a certain contingency, to his son John, be preserved as carrying out the general intent of the testator. The courts have latterly leaned more and more to the preservation of such parts of a will as may be separated from the rest without a disruption of the whole. This is done with a view to conform, as far as possible, to the wishes of the testator ; for, although it may be usually assumed that each part of a will is made somewhat with reference to all the rest, yet it is every day’s practice, and a well established rule, that where the devises are distinct, or one part can be safely detached from another, without disturbing the relation or continuity of the whole, it should be done. This rule was held to be sound, and was practically acted upon by the court of appeals in the late case of Savage v. Burnham, (17 N. Y. Rep. 561.) The same rule has been enforced in several other cases. (Darling v. Rogers, 22 Wend. 483. Kane v. Gott, 7 Paige, 521; S. C. 24 Wend. 641. Depeyster v. Clendining, 8 Paige, 295. Haxton v. Corse, 2 Barb. Ch. Rep. 506.) In the present case, I am of opinion that the same course should be pursued. The main intent of the testator was to give this farm to his grandchildren, and to put it in their possession at an age when they would have the requisite judgment to manage and control it. This purpose can be effect — 323 — uated. He had in view a subordinate object, to wit, to employ the income of this estate as a fund, during their minority, for their support, and for the payment of debts and legacies. This latter purpose can still be subserved, if necessary, as the debts and legacies are charged upon the estate. Their support during their minority may also be drawn from the same source, as the practical effect of avoiding the trust, and affirming the direct devise to the grandchildren, will be to devolve the estate during their several minorities, as well as afterwards, upon the infant devisees of the testator before named, in case the cy fres■ doctrine before mentioned is applied. The payment of the debts and legacies will still remain to be enforced, as was the intention of the testator, primarily, out of the personal estate; and then, in case there should be a deficiency, out of this real estate. I think, further, that the clause allowing the mother of the grandchildren to reside in the mansion house and be supported out of the avails of this estate, is sufficiently disconnected from the invalid parts of this devise to be allowed to stand. The devisees will therefore take the estate charged with this incumbrance. The only particular, therefore, in which the testator’s intentions will be frustrated, will be in reference to the vesting of the possession of the estate in the grandchildren during their minority. And I do not regard this as of sufficient importance to overturn the whole devise, as the estate must necessarily be administered during their minority, through the agency of a legally appointed guardian or representative, and the precise practical result designed by the testator will thus be accomplished. There should, therefore, be a decree upholding the main devise to the infant grandchildren, and to the testator’s son John, and declaring that it is to take effect during their respective minorities, as well as afterwards; avoiding the trust or direction to John to manage and control the estate and receive and apply the avails of the estate during the minorities of the grandchildren; upholding the provision for the residence — 324 — of their mother, and her support out of the avails of the estate during the period'named in the will; and further declaring, that during the minorities of the grandchildren the estate descends to the aforesaid infant devisees of the testator, subject to the charges named in the will, and that of the residence and support of the widow; and that in all other respects the provisions of the will he declared valid, and entitled to be enforced. I have had some difficulty on the question -of costs. It is becoming quite common to institute suits for the judicial construction of wills, and other instruments in which no other relief is sought than such construction, and in which the parties prosecuting them have no connection with, of interest in, the trust therein created, and have nothing in any aspect of the case but a mere legal estate in the premises. Of such cases a court of equity has no appropriate jurisdiction. The jurisdiction, if any, arises under tíre head of trust, unless some other recognized modes of relief, such as the taking and settling of an account, is coupled with a prayer for the construction of the written instrument. (Smith v. Smith, 4 Paige, 271. Mitchell v. Blain, 5 id. 588. Wood v. Vandenburgh, 6 id. 277. King v. Strong, 9 id. 94. Bowers v. Smith, 10 id. 193.) In the last case, it is held that an heir at law of a testator, or a devisee who claims a mere legal estate in the property, where there is no trust, is never allowed to come into a court of equity for the mere purpose of obtaining a judicial construction of the provisions of the will. (10 Paige, 200.) The plaintiffs are nearly ip that position, and are, besides, wholly unsuccessful in the matters litigated, and the objection to the institution of this suit is talren in the answer of the principal defendants. Under such circumstances it does not seem equitable to charge the residuary estate, which passes by the will to the infant grandchildren, with the entire costs of the litigation. ¡Nevertheless, the suit was probably commenced in- good faith, and in conformity with what was supposed to be the usual practice. It is a fit — 325 — case, I think, for exercising the discretion of the court, and for charging the plaintiffs and all the unsuccessful defendants with their own costs respectively; those of the infant defendants to be a charge upon, and payable out of, their estate, •and the costs of the executors and the trustee John Hover, to be a'charge upon, and payable out of, the general fund or residuary estate, devised to these infant grandchildren above mentioned. The decree may contain a clause to that effect. [Albany General Term, September 5, 1859. Wright, Gould and Hogeboom, Justices.]