Cady v. Sheldon

’By the Court, Hogeboom, J. The first question to be determined is the nature and obligation of the guaranty. The defendants “guaranteed the collection” of the bond. It is therefore a guaranty that the bond is collectible; that is, capable of being collected of the parties liable or bound to pay it. A guaranty of the collection of a note is a guaranty that it is collectible by due course of law. (Cumpston v. McNair, 1 Wend. 457.) It obliges the party to whom the guaranty is given, to prosecute all the parties with due legal diligence before he can resort to' the guarantor. (Moakley v. Riggs, 19 John. 69. Thomas v. Woods, 4 Cowen, 173. Loveland v. Sheppard, 2 Hill, 139. Burt v. Horner, 5 Barb. 501.) In the latter case it is said that the legal effect of such a guaranty is, that the guarantee (the party receiving the guaranty) would, within a reasonable time and with due diligence, institute against the principal debtors legal proceedings for the collection of the paper, and prosecute them without delay to consummation; that this was a condition precedent to the liability of the defendants, and imposed the duty of diligence not only in the manner of the prosecution but also in its institution. In Thomas v. Wood, Justice Woodworth says, “whatever may be the effect of letting a term pass, there is no doubt that seventeen months’ delay would discharge from the guaranty.” In Burt v. Horner it is said, “ the question is not whether the defendants have been injured by the delay; but whether the plaintiff has performed his contract—the condition precedent to his right to call upon them. A compliance on his part with the terms of the guaranty is indispensable.” (5 Barb. 506.) It was further held in that case that the mode of ascertaining whether the debtor has property to satisfy the debt, within reach of the process of the court, is. to — 107 — issue such process to test the question, (p. 507;) and that it does not lie with the plaintiff to say that this would he “a mere idle ceremony.” In Vanderveer v. Wright, (6 Barb. 547,) it was held that “a guaranty that a demand is collectible is clearly a conditional promise, binding upon the guarantor only in case of diligence. (Loveland v. Sheppard, 2 Hill, 139. Curtis v. Smallman, 14 Wend. 231. Moakley v. Riggs, 19 John. 69.)” “Nor is it like a guaranty of payment which, like that of an indorsement, is similar to a new note, but is purely a conditional promise, becoming absolute on the performance of the condition precedent. (White v. Case, 13 Wend. 543.) ” (6 Barb. 550.) In a dissenting opinion, (not on the main question,) .Judge Willard lays down the rule as follows, (Id. 552:) “The obligation of the defendant upon his guaranty was, in legal effect, that he would pay the note, provided it could not be collected of the maker, after Using due diligence, by process of law, to collect it of him. In general, a party who suffers a term to elapse without prosecuting the maker is guilty of laches, and loses his remedy against the guarantor. (Moakley v. Riggs, 19 John. 69. Kies v. Tifft, 1 Cowen, 98. White v. Case, 13 Wend. 543. Eddy v. Stanton, 21 id. 255. 5 id. 307. Loveland v. Sheppard, 2 Hill, 139. Cumpston v. McNair, 1 Wend. 457. Curtis v. Smallman, 14 id. 231. Thomas v. Woods, 4 Cowen, 173. The People v. Jansen, 7 John. 332.) The remedy however against the guarantor will not be impaired, if the debtor was insolvent and so continued, after the guaranty, and up to the commencement of the suit, nor if the delay in prosecuting the principal debtor is at the instance of the guarantor. In the first case, the guarantor suffers no loss by the delay; and in the second, he cannot be permitted to turn an indulgence granted at his own solicitation into a weapon of defense. (Thomas v. Woods, 4 Cowen, 173.)” In Hart v. Hudson, (6 Duer, 303,) Judge Duer of the superior court of New York lays down the rule in this lan — 108 — guage: “A guaranty of the collection of a promissory note, or other evidence of a debt, does not mean that it shall be paid at its maturity, but that by a prompt and diligent use of the means which the law affords, its payment may be enforced. Hence, if the debt so guarantied is unpaid at its maturity, the creditor, if he wishes to retain the liability of the guarantor, must without delay commence proceedings for its recovery, and it is only when he can show that all the remedies which the law gave him against the debtor had been exhausted, that he is in a condition to demand payment of the debt from the guarantor. If he delay without necessity to commence the necessary proceedings, or, when an action has been commenced, to prosecute it to judgment hnd execution, the delay is imputed to him as laches, and the guarantor is discharged. (Taylor v. Bullen, 6 Cowen, 624. Cumpston v. McNair, 1 Wend. 455. Eddy v. Stanton, 21 id. 255. Moakley v. Riggs, 19 John. 69. Loveland v. Shepard, 2 Hill, 159. Burt v. Horner, 5 Barb. 501.)” In Gallagher v. White, (31 Barb. 94,) Judge Brown uses this language in regard to a guaranty of collection: “Assuming the force and validity of White’s guaranty, for the present, his promise and obligation was that the note could be collected from the maker if Taylor would, within a reasonble time and with due diligence, prosecute the same to judgment and execution against the maker. This obligation to prosecute within a reasonable time and with due diligence was a condition precedent to the liability of the maker, (citing several cases.) There is a very material distinction between the omission to prosecute the principal debtor altogether, and the omission to prosecute within a reasonable time and with due diligence. A reasonable time is not a definite time, and must always depend upon the particular circumstances of the case presented, because if the principal debtor was hopelessly insolvent at the time of the making of the guaranty, and so continued, the guarantor could not be — 109 — prejudiced by an omission to prosecute within two months, or ten months, or any other given period.” In the case of Morris v. Wadsworth, (11 Wend. 100; S. C., 17 id. 103,) it was held that unless the very terms of the guaranty imply that the liability of the guarantor depends upon the failure to obtain payment of the principal by proceedings at law, such proceedings are not a condition precedent; and that a guaranty to pay, if recompense cannot be obtained from, it, does not require a suit against it, if he is insolvent. In Merritt v. Lincoln, (21 Barb. 249,) it was held that a surety will not be discharged by the neglect of the creditor to collect the debt of the principal, on being requested by the surety to do so, unless it appears that the principal was at the time of the request solvent and able to pay his debts, and that a creditor is not bound to pursue an insolvent principal at the direction of the surety. Judge Welles says, at p. 251, “If there was an inability on the part of the principal to pay his debts, it is not perceived how a prosecution would result in collecting the debt in question, unless some advantage or preference over other creditors would be thereby obtained, which the law does not favor, and which the court will not encourage.” In Newell v. Fowler, (23 Barb. 632,) the same judge (Welles) delivering the opinion of the court, in speaking of a guaranty of collection of a bond and mortgage, says: “It was a condition precedent to any liability of the guarantor that the other party to the contract of guaranty should, within a reasonable time, institute legal proceedings upon the securities assigned, and prosecute them with diligence to a consummation. It is not pretended that any thing of this kind has ever been done. Nothing will excuse the party holding the guaranty from the performance of this condition but the act of the guarantor himself. It was a part of the contract, and it will not answer for the party to say it would have been of no use to prosecute. Conditions precedent — 110 — must be strictly performed.” After speaking of the evidence of a waiver, and saying that it related entirely to the mortgage, the judge adds, (p. 623:) “It does not appear that the testator waived proceedings against Kent, or his estate, on the bond. That was as much a part of the condition as was the proceeding to foreclose the mortgage. It no where appears when Kent died, or when he became insolvent, if that were material. It is sufficient that the contract imposed upon Starke and his assignees the burthen of exhausting by legal proceedings every remedy which the bond and mortgage gave them, before the guarantor’s liability should become fixed.” In Eddy v. Stanton, (21 Wend. 255,) the plaintiffs declared on an agreement made by the defendants cotemporaneous with the transfer by the defendants to the plaintiffs of a note against one Simmons, that in case the plaintiffs could not set off such note in payment of any balance due from them to Simmons, or collect the same in some other way or due course of law, they would repay the plaintiffs the amount of the note with interest and the costs of any prosecution to collect or set off the note. They averred an inability to set off the note (not by suit) in payment of any balance due Simmons, and that Simmons was insolvent at all times from and after the transfer of the note, and therefore that a suit to collect the same would have been unavailable. In a second count it was averred that thirty-one months after the transfer the defendants released the plaintiffs from any obligation to sue the note, and refused to pay the costs of prosecution. The court held, on demurrer to the declaration, (p. 258,) that “the insolvency of Simmons was no excuse, (Moakley v. Riggs, 19 John. 91, 2;) especially in a case like this, of set-off, and wherein the defendants had agreed to bear the expense. (Thomas v. Woods, 4 Cowen, 173. Taylor v. Bullen, 6 id. 624.)” The court further-held that as to the release and refusal to bear the costs of prosecution, it was too late, having occurred thirty-one months after the — 111 — transfer, and therefore after the plaintiffs had been guilty of laches in prosecuting the note. From this examination of some of the leading authorities, I think the following conclusions are deducible, and. supported by the weight of authority. 1. That a guaranty of collection implies that a note or other evidence of debt is good or good and collectible against the principal debtors; and this means collectible by due course of law. 2. That, ordinarily to test that question, it is necessary that the ordinary legal proceedings should be resorted to, to wit, a judgment and execution against the parties primarily liable to pay; and that a return of an execution unsatisfied is prima facie sufficient and satisfactory evidence that it is not collectible. 3. That it is not absolutely indispensable that legal proceedings should be resorted to, to test the collectibility of the paper, if it otherwise satisfactorily appears that a resort to such proceedings would be entirely ineffectual; and that proof that the principal debtors from the period of the maturity of the debt have been uniformly insolvent and unable to pay any part of the debt, is satisfactory and sufficient evidence that legal proceedings would be unavailable to collect the. debt. 4. That legal proceedings are not, under the authorities, absolutely a condition precedent to the liability of the guarantor, but equivalent evidence of the inability to collect any part of the debt will suffice. And that however desirable it may be (as I think it is) to have one uniform rule, to wit, the return of an execution unsatisfied against the principal debtor as the test of the collectibility of a debt, the weight of authority does not as yet allow ús to take that position and hold it as the irreversible rule and test, without any exception whatever. Applying these principles to the present case, we find that' the referee has expressly found, on evidence warranting such — 112 — a conclusion, that the principal debtors were severally insolvent and unable to pay any part of said bond. After such a finding we may well conclude that a suit against them would have been utterly nugatory, and therefore unnecessary to be brought as a condition precedent to the liability of the defendants. So, also, I think it was not indispensable to foreclose the mortgage which was the collateral to the bond. The bond and mortgage became due, one half thereof in March, 1844, and the remainder in March, 1845. In January, 1846, (of course on proceedings previously instituted,) the mortgaged premises were sold under a statute foreclosure to satisfy a prior mortgage, and were sold and struck off to a purchaser for a sum between $600 and $700, which left no surplus. The amount of the prior mortgage does not appear; but of course it exceeded this amount. If regularly foreclosed, as we must assume to have been the case, the subsequent mortgagees would have had notice of the proceedings. But whether so or not, we cannot presume that the sale was not fairly conducted, or that the premises did not bring an adequate price; nor was the sale at such a distance of time from the maturity of the bond, that we can suppose the property (real estate) to have materially depreciated in value, I am of opinion, therefore, that if the guaranty of the collectibility of the bond would require the holders of the security prima facie to seek satisfaction of the debt out of the mortgaged premises, they stood excused for not resorting to this remedy, by satisfactory evidence that it would have proved of no utility whatever. We are obliged therefore to go one step further, and determine whether as a prerequisite to the defendants’ liability upon the guaranty, the plaintiffs were obliged to attempt the collection of the debt out of the obligee and mortgagee, Farrington, who had covenanted on the assignment of the bond and mortgage that they should be paid when due. If this was necessary, then the plaintiffs have failed to make opt a — 113 — cause of action, because they have not prosecuted Farrington. To determine this question, we must inquire whether this covenant was transferred or enured to the benefit of the plaintiffs; and if so, whether it was one of those means for determining the collectibility of the bond debt, which must be resorted to before the liability of the defendants would attach upon the guaranty. O. & L. Holcomb and Spencer executed the bond in question to Farrington. The mortgage of 0. Holcomb was collateral to it and doubtless accompanied it—so we must presume—into the hands of the subsequent holders. It bore the same date as the mortgage, was executed by one of the obligors to the obligee in the bond, secured the same sum, and expressly referred on its face to the bond as a collateral security. By an assignment bearing date the 15th day of October, 1841, Farrington assigned the bond and mortgage to Alexander Sheldon. In that assignment is contained the following covenant: “And I do hereby promise, covenant and agree, to and with the party of the second part, (Sheldon,) that there is now secured to be paid by the said bond and mortgage the sum of twenty-five hundred and seven dollars and forty-one cents, with interest from the 23d March, 1841, and that the same will be paid at the time the several payments become due by such bond and mortgage’’ This is undoubtedly an absolute guaranty of payment, and would have entitled Sheldon to prosecute Farrington thereon, immediately after default in the payment of the amount due on the bond and mortgage. (Allen v. Rightmere, 20 John. 365. Mann v. Eckford, 15 Wend. 502. Kemble v. Wallis, 10 id. 374.) Who Alexander Sheldon was, or what was his connection with the defendants, the proof does not disclose, and we can only infer from the allegations in the pleadings, and from the fact that Smith Sheldon, one of the defendants, was a subscribing witness to the assignment, and from some other facts. — 114 — to be presently alluded to. About seven months thereafter, and on the 25th day of May, 1842, Alexander Sheldon, by an instrument in writing under his hand and seal, assigned the bond and mortgage to Samuel Jaclcson, the testator of the plaintiffs. Cotemporaneously therewith the guaranty in question was executed by the defendants, bearing the same date as the last assignment, (25th May, 1842,) and indorsed upon the back of the bond. On its face it is only a guaranty of the collection of the bond; the words being' “ For and in consideration of $2500 to us in hand paid by Samuel Jackson, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, we guarantee the collection of the said bond.” That Alexander Sheldon had some connection with the defendants, and that the defendants either had the benefit of, or were in some way interested in, the proceeds of the last mentioned assignment, is fairly presumable from the following facts: 1, The execution of the assignment and of the guaranty were simultaneous—at least they bear the same date—and the guaranty is indorsed upon the back of the bond, which is presumed to have been delivered simultaneously with the assignment, to the assignee. 2. The consideration ($2500) is the same in both; and the guaranty expressly acknowledges this sum to have been paid by Jackson to the defendants, as the assignment acknowledges it to have been paid to- Alexander Sheldon. That two sums of this amount were paid is not pretended, and is in the highest degree improbable.- 3. On the bond (and on the mortgage) is indorsed under date of May, 1852, a receipt of the defendants of the interest ($175.51) up to March 23,1842. The interest of the previous year is receipted thereon by Farrington. Alexander Sheldon would appear to have been, therefore, only the nominal holder, as he received no part of the interest, but the defendants (to whom the bond and mortgage were never in terms assigned) received the whole interest during the period that Alexander Sheldon had the nominal title thereto. 4. It is also remarkable (though not particularly connected with — 115 — the present question) that both the bond and mortgage contain an indorsement under date of June, 1843, of one year’s interest ($175.51) up to March 23, 1843; when the assignment would indicate that the bond and mortgage had been assigned to Jackson on the 25th of May, 1842. These facts were, I think, sufficient to show, or to induce the referee to infer, that the defendants (and not Alexander Sheldon) were the real owners of the bond and mortgage at the time of the assignment to Jackson; and therefore that they are not to be treated in regard to the guaranty as mere strangers to the transaction, or mere sureties for Alexander Sheldon. What, under such circumstances, was the effect of the covenant or guaranty of payment made by Farrington ? Undoubtedly the covenant of Farrington was one of which Alexander Sheldon, the covenantee, might avail himself; it was at all events made for Ms benefit. Assuming that he was the real owner of the bond and mortgage, by the assignment, and that he regarded the covenant as one of value, is there much doubt but that he designed in the assignment to J ackson to" transfer the benefit thereof and the remedy thereon to him. He transfers the bond and mortgage, and must, I think, be regarded as intending to transfer all the incidents and collaterals thereto, like the covenant in question. He authorizes the assignee to take all lawful ways and means for the recovery of the said sum of money, and among others, I think, the remedy on the covenant. There was no object in retaining it; for by so doing it would become extinct. And it may have entered as an important element in the consideration which J ackson paid. It is true that previous to the code it would have to be sued in Sheldon’s own name, but only for the benefit of Jackson. But that objection no longer exists; as every suit must now be brought in the name of the real party in interest. (Code, § 111.) And I do not see why a covenant of this description, giving additional value to the bond and mortgage and connected with it, should not — 116 — be regarded, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, as passing with it. (See Ketchell v. Burns, 24 Wend. 456; McLaren v. Watson’s Ex’rs, 26 id. 425; S. C., 19 id. 557; Cooper v. Dedrick, 22 Barb. 516.) In the latter case the court say, (y/. 518,) “ In my opinion when a guaranty is written upon a note and the note is transferred, nothing being said touching the guaranty, the contract of guaranty passes with the note. In other words, the sale and delivery of the note with the guaranty upon it furnishes prima facie evidence of a sale of the contract "of guaranty. In the present case the defendant was one of the payees of the note, and the note was also payable to bearer. He transferred the note and guarantied the payment. In my opinion, any one who should become the holder of the note could maintain an action upon the guaranty, unless it should be shown that the contract of guaranty was not transferred at the time the note was transferred.” (See also Gallagher v. White, 31 Barb. 96, 97.) I do not think Thompson v. Rose (8 Cowen, 266) is in conflict with these views, but rather in support of them. The remaining question is whether if this covenant or guaranty on the part of Farrington passed, as an incident to the debt, to the plaintiff’s testator, the remedy upon it must be pursued as well as upon the bond itself, before the liability of the defendants would attach. And- I am of opinion, on the whole, that it would. The evidence is not decisive, but it is to be presumed, I think, that Jackson Jcneiv of this covenant. It was not attached to or indorsed upon the bond. But it was as a part of the assignment, one of the links in the chain of evidence essential to establish the testator’s title to the bond; and it was produced, among the other papers, by the plaintiffs, at the trial. It was therefore one of the known and accessible remedies for the collection of the debt, and when it was transferred along with the other remedies, to Jackson by the defendants, (and the nominal holder, Alexander Sheldon,) it must be presumed that they designed the assignee should resort to it as one of the available reme — 117 — dies for the collection of the debt, before they were to be made liable upon their guaranty. In the case of a guaranty of a note, it is indispensable that the remedy should be pursued against the indorsers as well as the makers of the note, before the guarantor can be held responsible, and I do not see why the same rule should not apply' as to other sureties or previous guarantors of the debt. (Moakley v. Riggs, 19 John. 69. Thomas v. Woods, 4 Cowen, 173. Kies v. Tifft, 1 Cowen, 98. Burt v. Horner, 5 Barb. 501. Loveland v. Shepard, 2 Hill, 139.) [Albany General Term, September 1, 1862. I am therefore of opinion that it was incumbent upon the plaintiffs or their testator to pursue their remedy against Farrington, before prosecuting the defendants, and that for their neglect to do so the decision of the referee was right, and that the judgment entered upon his report should be affirmed. Eogéboom,, Peekham and. Miller, Justices.]