Smith v. Cheetham

SpKNctR, J. In this cause, the inclination of my mind was against setting aside the verdict, considering it indisputable that the affidavits of jurors, and of course their confessions could not be received. Were that the law, then the affidavit of Murphy would not establish the fact that the verdict was the result of chance. But, on examining the English authorities prior to th«; revolution, it appears to me, that the information of jurors as to what passed may be received. The only decision to the contrary is in 1 Keble, 811 ;* but it is a very unintelligible and illy reported case. The determinations in Bunbury 51.† and Barnes 441, shew, that the information of jurois may be received, and I cannot perceive any principle of law invaded by it. The affidavit of Murphy, in connexion with confessions of the jurors, leave no doubt, that the amount of damages was ascertained, by each person’s setting down the sum he thought fit, and dividing the aggregate by twelve,. If this practice be tolerated, it will prevent that discussion and examination, so necessary to the developement of truth, and so essential to justice. To affirm the present ver-.clict, would be to sanction a practice dangerous in the highest degree. I therefore am of opinion that a new trial be had, and that the costs abide the event. Livingston, J. Every verdict should be the r-esult of re? ilexion, and not the effect of chance or lot. Jurors being sworn to determine “ according to evidence,” suitors have a -right to expect, that they will examine and decide upon it to the best of iheir ability and discernment. But if lot is to be substituted for judgment, if deliberation and reflexion are to yield to the.cast of a die, parties instead of exposing themselves to a heavy and useless expense, will gamble away their right, or have recourse to more intemperate means of ascertaining them* The practice therefore cannot be too promptly, nor stronlgy discountenanced. Accordingly in England, where so mu.cli pains are taken to preserve a pure administration of justice, not only verdicts determined by lot or hazard, are always set aside, but every pecies of misbehaviour in a jury is narrowly watched, and, if not punishedj the party 'affected by it, is nev.er denied relief,' Thus new trials have been granted, because jurors have been [59] áilowed to go at large by the officers having the custody of them ; because they had taken refreshments between the charge, and delivering their verdict; because one of them left his fel-'ows, and then returned with a paper which -influenced their de-cisión ; because a juror had received a paper from the plaintiff after leaving the bar, and especially on the ground, which most nearly resembles that on winch this application is made, I mean Thus in Mellish v. Arnold,* verdict that of determining by lot. was set aside because, whether three or ‘ live hundred pounds should be given, was determined by throwing up cross and pile, in Hale v. Cove† because two papers were put into a hat, on the one marked P coming out, a verdict was found for the plaintiff, which, although according to evidence, and the judge’s opinion, was set aside. The same thing ivas done in Philips v. Fowler,‡ because recourse was had to casting of lots; and in Vaise v. Delaval,|| lord Mansfield assented to the propriety of the rule, font would not receive an affidavit of the fact from the jurymen themselves, although in Philips v. Fowler, such a one was read. With proper submission to his lordship, it appears the best and highest evidence of which the case admits. If a man will voluntarily charge himself with a misdemeanour, why should he not be indulged ? Are not criminals in England every day convicted, and. even executed on their own confession ? And is not our state-prison filled in the same way ? But, perhaps it may be thought, that this verdict cannot be classed with those which have been the result of chance. ■ If not, the method pursued was still more exceptionable. Where chance alone is tried, the decision will sometimes be correct, however wrong the means of arriving at it. Indeed, not mauy centuries back, our superstitious ancestors considered this equivocal mode of ending a controversy, as a direct and legitimate appeal to Heaven, and as a certain way of discovering the divine will. Here, the method of deciding as effectually prscluded a proper exercise of judgment, as that of chance ; and, what is worse, put it in the power of any one juror, from prejudice, passion, or other bad motive, to ruin a defendant. lie is only to set down a sum sufficiently large, and, if his fellows adhere to their promise, a most outrageous verdict will be 1 he consequence. Thus 110 one can tell, at the time of pledging himself what sum he.will finally agree to. It was said on the argument, that this might be nothing more than an essay to produce an understanding. As a mere attempt at unanimity, there might be nothing [60] very reprehensible in it; hut it is impossible tb regard what passed in any other light, than a stipulation, by each man, to set down any sum he pleased, and that the quotient arising from a division by twelve, should at all events, become his verdict. Tlié* die was not only td be cast, but the throw, whatever it might be, abided by. If evidence of this fact may Hot be deceived from a juror himself (which opinion however .1 do not here adopt) what Stronger proofs, than those we already have, can be required of the misbehaviour complained of? The constable who kept the jury swears i( That from what he heard and saw, he understood that “ the stuns sfet down by the several jurors were tb be divided (< by 12,| and the quotient was to be the verdict.” He also swears “ that thé verdict Was determined by, an agreement-, that each í¡ should put down such sum' as he thought proper, and that i( the whole should be divided by 12, and the verdict was thus “ determined.” Another witness informs us, that some of the jury acknowledged the whole matter to him. Stronger than all this, is the silence of the jurors theniselves. Exculpatory affidavits would hardly be rejected, and yet not one is produced. We Cannot suppose, any juror would be sb regardless of character, ahd sb insensible tb the bails of justice, as to deny the plaintiff so small a boon. In the case fcited from Bunbury, affidavits had been made by persons who heard the jurors talk of the matter, and great stress is laid oh “ their not thinking fit to dea? “ theniselves by oath.” So in Parr v. Seames and others, Barnes'] 438, Where a verdict had been determined by “ buslling half* iC pence in a hat,” the Court gave the plaintiff an opportunity tb procure affidavits from some of the jurors. With me. this silence is conclusive evidence, hot only of the truth of the affidavits so far as they go. but of every inference against their conduct, which the circumstances disclosed will, in any degree warrant. If we ask for stronger proofs, and at the same time, adopt lord Mans. field’s rule of shutting the mouths of the jurors, we may aS well, at once, close the door on all inquiries of the kind, and leave them to act and decide as they please. The only case from which lord Mansfield’s opinion can derive any support whatever, is that of Prior v. Powers, Keb. 11. There ohe of the jury had confess sed the whole mattér, but being against himself, it was not much regarded, and the court seem afraid, that If they granted a new trial, they would have to punish the jury, which could not be done bn their-own-confeSsiom Why the judges are so very tender of thb [61] jury; or why they, as well as others may not be punished on their own confession, which is the highest evidence, we are not told. But, without refuting an argument which is founded altogether in mistake, it is sufficient to say, that this decision took place in the 16th year of Charles 2d; and that, since'that time, information has, in various instances, been received frond the jurors them* selves, so that long before the revolution, it ceased tb be a precedent in England, and of course is not now binding here. The case of Vaise v. Delaval, happened since the revolution, and therefore forms no precedent. My opinion, on the whole, is that there be a new tidal with costs to abide the event, agreeably to the decision in Hale v. Cove. The losing party ought not to pay for being relieved against misconduct and irregularity in a jury, any more than against the consequence of a misdirection on a point of law. Bro abr. tit. Verd 17. 18, ed. 8 ibid. 18, 14, Her. 7, 1. 1 Sid. 235. [61] Kejtt, C. J. If the jury cast lots for whom they shall find, it would, no doubt, vitiate the verdict. 3 Black. 376. Hale v. Cove, 1 Stra. 642. Barnes, 438. Prior v. Powers, 1 Keb. 811, Foy v. Harder, 3 Keb, 805. But the better opinion is, that the fact must not be derived from the jurors themselves, since the court cannot take notice of it, without at the same time, making the jury answer for the misdemeanor, 1 Keb. ub. sup. Vaise v. Delaval, 1 D. & E. 11. The decision however, in Philips v. Fowler, Barnes 441, is contra. In this case then, I incline to the opinion, that so much of the affidavit as relates to the confession of the two jurors ought not to be receivéd, although I do not think, that part of it, if proper, adds any material strength to the motion. The charge here, is not that the jury casts lots, whether they should find for the plaintiff or defendant, but only that in ascertaining the amount of the damages, they took the average sum d t-duced from the different opiniohs of each other; This has no an-tilogy tb the case of casting lots, or determining by chance for v horn they sir.11 find. The liquidation of damages, must always, in a certain degree, be the result of mutual concession, since the amount of the injury is not susceptible of being ascertained witli mathematical precision. If this mode of collecting the medium of their different opinions, was fraudulently abused by any of the jury, by fixing on a sum intended to be extravagantly high or low, and which was not given in good faith, it would, perhaps, justify our interference ; but no such fraud appears, or is to be presumed, in the present case. I do not, therefore, think that ⅛½ mode of ascertaining the average sum, Was in itself exceptionable; and if, [62] -when ascertained, it appeared to the jury, to be a reasonable sunt; . under all the circumstances of the case, connected with sentiments of respect and conciliation for each others opinions, I think it was not improper for them finally to adopt that SunV. As we are to intend all this took place, for nothing appears to jjaihsay it, I think the motion ought to be denied. It may not be improper to add, in confirmation of this opinion, that it is supported by that of the court of common pleas of Philadelphia, in the case of Cowperthwaite v. Jones, 2 Dall. 55, and which was afterwards affirmed in the supreme court of that state. Thompson, J. Gave no opinion not having heard the argu-' ment. Tompkins, J. Had been concerned. *** After the decision of the court was pronounced, Wilkins, observed, that, as no order to stay proceedings had been served, judgment had been perfected before the argument took place, and though this fact was unknown to the counsel concerned, still it was within the rule of Shephard ads. case, Cole. 90. Livingston, J. I imagined when I was applied to for an order that the argument would have been had and the determination p-.onounced within the first four days of term, so that judgment could not have been entered, otherwise, I should have granted the order to stay proceedings ; the defendant must not be prejudiced by my omission, or misconception. Footnotes [*] Prior v. Powers. [†] Bellish v. Arnold. [*] Barb. 51. [†] 1 Stra. 642. [‡] Barnes 441. [||] 1 D. & F. 11. [‡] Philips v. Fowler.