Miller v. Plumb

Curia, per Woodwokth, J. The first objection is to the form of the record. A continuance is entered from June to October term; and then an award of venire to December term, then next; at which day came the parties; and the jurors also came. This is sufficiently plain, and must be understood, that the parties and jurors appeared at December term. Although, under the statute, the continuance might have been awarded from June to December, without any award of venire, the present entry is substantially the same; and, at most, is only a miscontinuance, which is cured by the statute of jeofails. (3 John. 183.) The more important question is, whether the potash kettles, being affixed to the freehold, passed with the land. If they did, the court below erred; and the judgment must be reversed, unless the case falls within some of the qualifications or exceptions to the general rule. That rule appears to be well established ; whatever is affixed to the freehold becomes part of it, and cannot be removed. Exceptions have been admitted between landlord and tenant; between tenant for life or in tail and the reversioner; yet the rule still holds between heir and [667] executor. (Bull. N. P. 34.) In Holmes v. Tremper, (20 John. 30,) chief justice Spencer says, “ when a farm is sold without any reservation, thé same rule would apply, as to the right of the vendor to remove fixtures, as exists between the heir and executor.” Lord Ellenhorough, in the case of Elwes v. Maw, (3 East, 38,) lays down the law relative to fixtures as arising between three classes of persons : 1. Between heir and executor : 2. Between the executors of tenant for life or in tail and the remainderman, or reversioner: 3. Between landlord and tenant; and observes that, “ in the first case, the rule obtains with the most rigour in favor of the inheritance, and against the right to disannex therefrom, and to consider as a personal chattel, any thing which has been affixed thereto.” In the latter cases, the reasons for relaxing the rule are obvious, upon motives of public policy. The tenant is thereby encouraged to make improvements, and the interest of trade promoted, while the landlord or reversioner has no cause to complain, inasmuch as the farm is restored to him in the same state as when he parted with it. A different rule would effectually check all improvements by the tenant, where it is known that, at the end of the term, they are to be surrendered to the landlord, or the reversioner of tenant for life. But the case between heir and executor, and vendor and vendee, is widely different. The ancestor or vendor has the absolute control, not only of the land, but of the improvements. The heir and exeeutor are both representatives of the ancestor ; the vendor has an election to sell or not to sell the inheritance. If he does elect to sell, he knows that, by law, the fixtures pass; and there is no good reason why that law should interpose in his behalf, and protect him against the loss of improvements which he has deliberately chosen to part with. It is for reasons of this kind, I apprehend, the old rule of law seems still to hold. In 7 Bac. 258, this is expressly recognized. The author observes, that although in an action of trover by an executor against an heir, for a cider mill, tried at Worcester, before Lord 0 [668] B. C'omyns, bis lordship was of opinion that it was personal estate, and directed the jury to find for the executor; yet lord Mansfield has observed, that that case, in all probability, turned upon a custom ; and that where no circumstances of that kind arise, the rule still holds in favor of the heir, seems fully established by the decision of the court of king’s bench, in Lawton v. Lawton, (Easter, 22 Geo. 3.) The title of the case referred to, seems to be Lawton v. Salmon, and is to be found in 1 H. Bl. 259, note (a.) As reported, I do not find that lord Mansfield, in giving this opinion of the court, says that the case before Comyns, C. B. turned upon a custom. Yet the whole scope of the opinion is clearly against it. He recognizes the relaxation of the old rule as confined to cases between landlord and tenant, and tenant for life and re-mainderman ; where, for the benefit of trade, and as an encouragement to lay out money in improving the estate, there has been a departure from the old rule, which is no injury to the remainderman, because he take! the estate in the same condition, as if the thing in question had never been raised. He adds, “ Í cannot find that between heir and executor, there has been any relaxation of this sort, except in the case of the cider mill, which is not printed at large.” It was a nisi prius decision, and evidently considered as not controlling the general law. From this review, it appears to me that the case of vendor and vendee rests on the sajne ground as that of heir and executor ; and that the fixtures in such cases are not considered as personal property. I incline to think the evidence of conversion was sufficient; and that the plaintiff was entitled to recover for some articles not annexed to the freehold ; but as damages were recovered for the whole, which cannot now be severed, the judgment in the court below must be reversed, and a venire de novo awarded by the common pleas of Monroe. Judgment reversed.