People v. Safford

By the Court, Beardsley, Ch. J. It appeared, on the trial, that the defendant had repeatedly sold wine by retail, to one Bailey, which he drank at the same time in the defendant’s house. The defendant then offered to show that this wine had all been delivered by him to Bailey “ under the direction and prescription of a licenced physician.” The evidence was rejected and the defendant’s counsel excepted. I am not disposed to deny that the prescription of a licenced physician might justify such a sale; but the liquor or wine sold must have been prescribed “ for medical purposes.” Such are the words of the statute. (Laws of 1845, p. 323, § 5.) The sale, so far as respects the vendor, must be made in good faith, to enable the patient to follow the advice of his physician. A mere sham prescription could be of no possible avail but to aggravate the offence. Here the offer was to show that wine had been prescribed, but not that it had been prescribed “ for medical purposes.” This falls short of -what the statute requires, and the evidence was properly excluded by the court. All the counts in this indictment are founded on the revised statutes, so that strictly speaking, it is unnecessary to pass upon the question whether an indictment could have been sustained on the act of 1845, while it remained in force. I entertain no doubt, however, that it could. That act may have made it illegal to sell certain liquors, the sale of which was not prohibited by the revised statutes, but it made no sale legal which those statutes branded as a crime. The act of 1845 declares that “ whenever, by the provisions of this act, the electors of any town or city shall have determined that no licence shall be granted in such town or city, whoever shall sell by retail, any intoxicating or spirituous Iiqtlors or wines, or in any manner or by any device, shall sell by retail within such town or city, shall be liable to all the penalties imposed by title nine, of part first, chapter twenty, of the revised statutes for selling of strong or spirituous liquors or wines without licence.” (§ 5.) Here is no exception as to the sale of “ intoxicating or spirituous liquors or wines” of any description whatever, the sale of all being prohibited: but the revised statutes do contain an exception, [115] making the sale of “ metheglin, currant wine, cherry wine or cider,” entirely legal. (1 R. S. 682, § 26 ) The act of 1845, therefore, so far as respects these liquors, enlarged the class of illegal sales. It is made an offence by the revised statutes to “ sell any strong or spirituous liquors or wines to be drank in” the house or shop of the seller, or in any out-house, yard or garden appertaining thereto, or to “ suffer any such liquors or wines sold by him, or under his direction or authority, to be drank in his house or shop, or in any out-house, yard or garden appertaining thereto, without having obtained a licence therefor as a tavern keeper.” (Id. 680, § 16.) This offence of selling to be drank in particular places, or allowing liquor already sold to be drank in any such place, was not touched by the act of 1845, but remained as it was before the passage of that act. No prosecution, penal or criminal, for this offence, could at any time have been founded on this statute, although it was quite otherwise as to the offence of selling by retail without licence. Where a town had voted no licence, offences of the latter description, except for the sale of “ metheglin, currant wine, cherry wine or cider,” might have been prosecuted on the revised statutes, or on the act of 1845, either being equally applicable to such cases. It was urged on the argument of this case, as it had been on previous occasions, that the act of 1845 did no more than impose a pecuniary penalty for selling by retail without licence, and did not. subject the offender to a criminal prosecution. That act, as we have seen, declared that for such sales, where no licence had been voted, the offender should “ be liable to all the penalties imposed by” the revised statutes “for selling strong or spirituous liquors or wines, without licence.” Now, the revised statutes imposed but a single specific pecuniary penalty, for such a sale, although it was also declared to be a misdemeanor and punishable by fine and imprisonment. (Id. 680, § 15 ; 682, § 25.) The word penalties was very improperly used in the act of 1845, if it was intended thereby to subject the seller to a specific penalty of twenty-five dollars “ for [116] selling strong or spirituous liquors or wines, without licence/’ and not make the illegal sale a crime. We think the legislature intended more than simply to impose such a penally, and that it w’as intended the act should be a misdemeanor as well as a penal offence. If such was not the object, the plural word penalties has no proper meaning in the statute. It certainly was not intended to abate the rigor of the former law, although such must be the effect of the act of 1845, unless the word penalties extended the criminal as well as penal provisions of the revised statutes to sales by retail in places where- no licence had been voted. We think such was the intention of the legislature in passing the act of 1845, and therefore that such sales as fall within that act are crimes as well as penal offences. In this respect we concur in the opinion expressed by this court in the case of Hodgman v. The People, at the last January term.(a) So far we agree with the court below, and see no ground for interfering with the judgment rendered. But a more difficult question remains to be considered. One Baker was sworn and examined as a witness on the part of the prosecution. His evidence, as originally given, amounted to very little any way, and if it did not tend to prove the defendant guilty of the alleged offence, it equally failed to exculpate him from what had been sworn to by others. In fact what the witness had said left the case pretty much where it found it. This witness in giving his evidence remarked that he “was sworn before the grand jurywhen the district attorney asked him what he testified to on that occasion. The counsel for the defendant objected to the inquiry, but the objection was overruled, and an exception taken. The witness then proceeded to state that he had testified before the grand jury that he at several times purchased brandy of the defendant, and paid him for it, thus showing that the evidence given on these two occasions, if not flatly contradictory, was wholly inconsistent with itself. [117] The object of the district attorney, in the inquiry made by him, must have been to discredit the witness by showing that his statement before the grand jury was at variance with the evidence he had just given. What the witness had sworn to before the grand jury, could on no principle be taken as evidence to prove the defendant guilty of the crime charged against him. Of itself, what the witness had formerly stated, was irrelevant to the question of guilty or not guilty, although it might be called out with a view to impeach his credit. The question then arises, can a public prosecutor be allowed, in a criminal case, to give evidence for the sole purpose of destroying the credit of his own witness? All the authorities agree that a party will not be allowed to discredit his own witness by evidence of general bad character. (1 Phil. Ev. 308, 309 ; 1 Stark. Ev. Phil. ed. 1842, p. 216 ; 1 Greenlf. Ev. §§ 442, 443.) And they equally agree that a party is not bound to abide by the statement of his own witness, but may if he can, show the fact to be different by other witnesses in the cause. (Id. Cowen & Hill’s Notes, 535,p.780.) But upon the particular question now before us, that is, whether a party may show that his own witness has previously made statements contradicting, or inconsistent with his evidence, the books are far enough from being agreed. The party against whom a witness is called, may undoubted^ do so, as he also may attack the general character of the witness, both being allowable for the same purpose, that is to destroy his credibility. But that is not the case here: the attack, in this instance, was made by the party on his own witness. Upon this subject adjudged cases and treatises upon evidence are irreconcilable, some holding that a party may in all cases impeach his own witness in this manner, although not by evidence of general bad character; while others would limit, the right to those who are conducting prosecutions for crimes. On the other hand, there are not wanting authorities utterly opposed to the reception of such evidence under any and all circumstances. I shall not attempt to classify the cases or books on the point, but simply refer to some of them for the [118] convenience of those who desire to examine the question more fully. (1 Phil. Ev. 309, 310, 311; Cowen & Hill’s Notes, 536, 537, p. 781, 2; 1 Stark. Ev. 216, 220, App. 606; 1 Greenlf. Ev. § 444; Rose. Cr. Ev. 66, 166, and cases referred to in these works.) As this point can not be decided on authority, some principle must be found on which we can rest our opinion, and we think a party should in no case be allowed to give evidence for the sole purpose of impeaching his own witness. On this ground a party is precluded from giving evidence that his witness is of bad character: nor should he be permitted to give evidence of any description which can only tend to discredit the witness. It is competent to the party to show the truth of the fact, whatever may have been said by a witness on his part, for such evidence is directly pertinent to the issue to be determined. Besides, this description of evidence, does not necessarily tend to impeach or discredit the witness. He may honestly be mistaken, and to correct his error does by no means involve the witness in the crime of perjury, but may be reconcilable with the most perfect integrity and good faith. Evidence that contradictory statements have been made by a witness, is only allowable with a view to his impeachment, a ground not open to the party producing the witness. The answer to an offer like that from such a party, should be given in the words of Mr. Justice Patterson in a similar case—“he is your witness, and you must treat him as such.” (Regina v. Farr, 8 Carr. & Payne 768.) We think the court erred in allowing the public prosecutor thus to attack his witness, and on that ground alone the judgment must be reversed and a venire de novo awarded. Ordered accordingly. Footnotes [(a)] 4 Denio, 335; and see The People v. Townsey, (ante p. 70.)