Honegsberger v. Second Avenue Railroad

Hogeboom, J. The charge of the judge, as construed in the light of the evidence, must be considered as applied to a child of some six or seven years of age. That was the age stated in the complaint, and not denied in the answer, and assumed in the defendants’ request to charge the jury, and there not controverted. So understood, and remember- ; ing also the fact that the father, and not the child, is the plaintiff in the action, I am of opinion that the charge was erroneous. Even as applied to the child, if he had been plaintiff, I do not see how such a charge could be sustained, if we adhere to the case of Hartfield agt. Roper (21 Wend. 615), decided five and twenty years ago, and followed in subsequent cases. (See 5 Hill, 282; Brown agt. Maxwell, 6 Id. 592; Spencer agt. Utica R. R. Co. 5 Barb. 338 ; 27 Id. 228; Button agt. Hudson River R. R. Co. 18 N. Y. 251; Steves agt. Oswego and Syracuse R. R. Co. Id. 425 ; Munger agt. Tonawanda R. R. R. Co. 4 Comst. 359 ; 1 E. D. Smith, 74.) In Hartfield agt. Roper, the infant himself, a child of about two years of age, was the plaintiff, and Justice Cowen, speaking of the rule that a negligent party cannot recover damages consequent upon a collision in. the highway, says : “ The application may be harsh when made to small children, as they are known to have no personal discretion. Common humanity is alive to their protection, but they are not, therefore, exempt from the legal rule when they bring an action for redress, and-there is no other way of enforcing it except by requiring due care at the hands of those to whom the law and the necessity of the case has delegated the exercise of discretion. “ An infant is not sui juris; he belongs to_ another, to [200] whom discretion in the care of his person is exclusively confided. That person is keeper and agent for this purpose, and in respect to third persons, his act must be deemed the act of the infant, his neglect the infant’s neglect.” It is plain in the nature of things, that if an infant insists upon a right of action, he must show a compliance with the conditions on which his right is to arise, and this is entirely irrespective of his age. In Munger agt. Tonowanda R. R. Co. (4 Comst. 349), Judge Hublbut, in delivering the opinion of the. court, while speaking of the general rule, that in actions for negligence the person bringing the action must be free from negligence contributing to the injury, remarks as follows (page 359) : “ Lord Denman in Lynch agt. Nurdin (1 Ad. & Ellis, 29), allowed an exception in favor of the plaintiff, a child seven years old, who received an injury by getting into the defendant’s cart while it was carelessly left in the street. The decision has not, however, been followed in this state, but the negligence and imprudence of the parents or guardians, in allowing a child of tender years to be exposed to injury in the highway, has been held to furnish the same answer to an action by the child, as the negligence or other fault of an adult plaintiff would have done in a similar case.” (Hartfield agt. Roper, 21 Wend. 615; Brown agt. Maxwell, 6 Hill, 592.) In Willetts agt. The Buffalo and Rochester R. R. Co. (14 Barb. 585, 592), the same rule was applied in the case of a lunatic, who being in company with his father on a railroad train, was temporarily left by the latter, who stepped off the car to procure refreshments, and during his absence, the lunatic being applied to by the conductor for his fare, refused to pay the Same, and thereupon was ejected from the car, and was run over by another train of cars and killed. If, therefore, the infant had been plaintiff, and had been guilty of negligence, he could not recover under the law as it is administered in this state; and if he could not recover, this right of action is no greater than that of the infant would be, for he claims through the infant, and upon the [201] theory that the infant is free from blame. There may be possibly some reason for saying, that as he adopts the act of the infant, and seeks to derive benefit from it, he must be considered as in the place of the infant, and responsible for negligence in the same way as if he had been the party injured. But it is not necessary to decide that question. The point then to' be determined is, what would be the degree of care which would be required of the infant, to exempt him from the imputation of negligence? I know of but one rule on the subject as the law is held with us, and I thick it applies to all persons without exception, and makes no discrimination on account of age. It is that degree of care which a person of ordinary prudence would exercise in the situation supposed. There is no other safe rule. Ho other rule would protect the community. An infant of tender years, incapable of exercising requisite discretion, is not to be permitted to occupy the highway, for the purpose of entitling himself to an action for an injury, except upon the condition of being subjected to the consequences of negligence attached to persons in general. Otherwise, the tenderer the age, and the less the discretion, the more perfect and frequent the cause of action, because more easily sustained and oftener occurring. Such a rule is not capable of safe, practical enforcement. I think this position is not answered b.y saying that the charge assumes that the jury should find the plaintiff free from negligence in sending the boy to school unprotected. The, defendants asked the court to charge that such act of the father in sending so young a child to school through so crowded a thoroughfare as the streets of Hew York, without a protector, would be in itself negligence. The court refused so to charge, and the defendants excepted. But assuming that such conduct might not be subject to the imputation of negligence; that is, that a prudent person might send his boy of six years old to school alone, through the streets of Héw York, it does not follow that this particular act is free from negligence, nor such as would be likely to be practiced, even by boys of that age; nor does it follow [202] that even for purposes of education, such conduct on the part of the father should not be discouraged; that it is not subject to the condition that if the infant in fact becomes guilty of negligence, and in consequence thereof suffers a personal injury, he is not to take advantage of his own wrong, and thereby entitle himself to an action for redress. The charge must be read, I think, as speaking of negligence in a general way, in reference to a general practice of sending children of such an age to school, as not censurable, and not as applied to the actual circumstances of the present case. I think the judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.